#: locale=en ## Action ### Text to Speech TextToSpeechBehaviour_42869722_5B16_A323_41D6_63E1138CB1CC.text = Alpha Centauri TextToSpeechBehaviour_0F4634F0_5D32_9952_41B4_40B34E3C9B4C.text = Auxiliary Telescope TextToSpeechBehaviour_C663FE1E_5B37_68CE_41C4_666944501311.text = Beehive Star Cluster TextToSpeechBehaviour_4357F93F_5B11_6F21_41D5_B8434CF011C1.text = Fighting Dragon Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_435FA5A5_5B11_6721_41D1_A3566E4E5CBB.text = Lagoon Nebula and Trifid Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_C674162B_5B36_98F6_41BA_B9B9DB3CB5C9.text = Orion Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3E14FB6_64EE_A7DE_41D7_CE4CE4872CD3.text = Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3215534_64EF_98D3_41CC_38EEA15C1B60.text = Sadr Region TextToSpeechBehaviour_4DD5FFE3_55DD_76B9_41C9_6639ED14C528.text = 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (soar) Telescope at Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ \ The soar telescope is able to operate up to eight instruments, so it’s one of the most versatile of all noirlab’s instruments. It also has a ground-layer adaptive optics system (the soar Adaptive-Optics Module or SAM) to provide the best possible image quality. \ \ The telescope consists of three mirrors, the primary M1 of 4.1 meters diameter, the secondary M2 of 0.62 meters and the tertiary M3 of 0.45 meters. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_4DD9DFF8_55DD_7697_41D2_F9D298DB0884.text = 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (soar) Telescope at Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ \ The soar telescope is able to operate up to eight instruments, so it’s one of the most versatile of all noirlab’s instruments. It also has a ground-layer adaptive optics system (the soar Adaptive-Optics Module or SAM) to provide the best possible image quality. \ \ The telescope consists of three mirrors, the primary M1 of 4.1 meters diameter, the secondary M2 of 0.62 meters and the tertiary M3 of 0.45 meters. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_4DD2EFE5_55DD_76B9_41CD_E069D534FEE8.text = 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (soar) Telescope at Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ \ The soar telescope is able to operate up to eight instruments, so it’s one of the most versatile of all noirlab’s instruments. It also has a ground-layer adaptive optics system (the soar Adaptive-Optics Module or SAM) to provide the best possible image quality. \ \ The telescope consists of three mirrors, the primary M1 of 4.1 meters diameter, the secondary M2 of 0.62 meters and the tertiary M3 of 0.45 meters. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2C88C14_64EF_A8D3_41CF_1EAEB22559A4.text = Achernar TextToSpeechBehaviour_42133308_5B11_9CEF_41CD_18D9F529436A.text = Airglow \ The dark skies over Cerro Pachón allow the airglow to be visible. Airglow is an optical phenomenon caused when upper atmosphere gasses are ionized by the Sun during the day and other processes. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F22E74A9_64EE_99F2_4198_1F3A76896177.text = Airglow \ The dark skies over Cerro Pachón allow the airglow to be visible. Airglow is an optical phenomenon caused when upper atmosphere gasses are ionized by the Sun during the day and other processes. TextToSpeechBehaviour_426C0D65_5B11_E721_4183_9C37148A232C.text = Al Nair TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2CE3F27_64EF_A8FD_41D1_2718C349C138.text = Al Nair TextToSpeechBehaviour_C64E5D2C_5B36_A8F2_41AB_6872CC63236E.text = Alpha Centauri TextToSpeechBehaviour_F359FC43_64EF_A8B6_41B4_B65981FF5B30.text = Alpha Centauri TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2E65A29_64EF_E8F2_418C_5D818CAEE5D1.text = Altair TextToSpeechBehaviour_FD4FE830_5B37_A8D2_41CD_890863696264.text = Andacollo Light Pollution TextToSpeechBehaviour_C8D3AD85_6531_6BB2_41B2_00C6559D28C0.text = Animals \ Goats, cows, and even horses may also be seen at the summit. During the summer, local herders bring cattle to the mountains, looking for grazing for their animals. \ \ During times of drought, the normally shy pumas venture along the paths built by humans in search of the scarce food available in the heights. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3CA88E0_64EE_A972_41B0_665BD3EE49E5.text = Antares TextToSpeechBehaviour_C69CA184_5B37_7BB2_41B4_3BDCA7805ADE.text = Antares TextToSpeechBehaviour_430014C8_5B16_A56F_41CB_F082A1A4DCC6.text = Antares TextToSpeechBehaviour_43ED9670_5B11_A53F_41C7_51A3AC007B56.text = Arcturus TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3612F64_64EF_A772_41D4_E48E7F92A171.text = Arcturus TextToSpeechBehaviour_C694C8EB_5B37_6976_41AF_D1EC5B0E1A6B.text = Arcturus TextToSpeechBehaviour_825CB78D_4644_A027_41C9_C12567C3151E.text = AuxTel \ The AuxTel was originally named Calypso, and it was located on Kitt Peak near Tucson, Arizona, in the US. After it was donated to the Rubin project by Edgar Smith, it was removed from Kitt Peak, refurbished, and sent to Chile. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2BF7B70_5B17_AF52_41B0_6064C7C94C74.text = Azimuth Platform \ The telescope structure is 21.7 meters (71.2 feet) tall, seven stories from the observing floor, and weighs 418 tons. The telescope is supported by an alt-azimuth mount (a two-axis mount) and it rests on a hydrostatic bearing with so little friction that the telescope can be moved with one hand. TextToSpeechBehaviour_405400FF_568E_A6CC_41C4_F1ADB266EE95.text = Bald Eagle sign \ Carlos Figueroa, a mechanical technician at Gemini South, created a sculpture of a bald eagle as a present to commemorate Gemini’s stone-laying ceremony. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C669327C_5B36_9952_41D0_737003B9B6FE.text = Barnard's Loop TextToSpeechBehaviour_C68F55A8_5B37_9BF2_41C2_ADB0B6568772.text = Betelgeuse TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC7335FC_5B6F_9B52_41C2_180C163AAEC9.text = Both the Gemini South telescope and the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope are located on Cerro Pachón, separated by only 400 meters (1300 feet). A short road connects the telescopes. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FD95923A_5B76_98D6_41D1_374B9F09D51F.text = Both the Gemini South telescope and the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope are located on Cerro Pachón, separated by only 400 meters (1300 feet). A short road connects the telescopes. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC4F1439_5B6F_98D5_41BB_5711EC737171.text = Both the Gemini South telescope and the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope are located on Cerro Pachón, separated by only 400 meters (1300 feet). A short road connects the telescopes. TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF9FD074_4A4C_60E6_41B2_D2A8A36A7939.text = Camera surrogate \ This steel replica of the camera will be installed on the telescope mount for testing activities, in advance of the real 3200-megapixel camera. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C684F890_5B37_A9D2_4195_C27F10B11F6C.text = Canopus TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6A99589_5B37_9BB2_41C1_FD2C5EADDD06.text = Carina Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_42551524_5B16_E727_41B1_0AC2F93870C0.text = Carina Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_F33EE2E8_64EF_B972_41D0_21EB7B91E57B.text = Carina Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_434160ED_5B11_7D21_41D5_06393CCF3A9C.text = Cat's Paw Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_2F286641_5796_AD37_41D1_24FCC20671C4.text = Cerro Pachón \ Rubin Observatory sits on Cerro Pachón. With its existing infrastructure, access to fiber optic links, and large number of clear nights each year, Cerro Pachón is an ideal site for a revolutionary facility like Rubin Observatory. TextToSpeechBehaviour_6146AAC7_568E_653C_4199_EC1F284E8AC0.text = Cerro Pachón \ Rubin Observatory sits on Cerro Pachón. With its existing infrastructure, access to fiber optic links, and large number of clear nights each year, Cerro Pachón is an ideal site for a revolutionary facility like Rubin Observatory. TextToSpeechBehaviour_40936FB6_569E_7B5C_41CF_811C870B1DA6.text = Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_072E82DC_4A4C_6024_41CE_B2586D7DD81F.text = Characteristics of the dome \ The soar dome is 20 meters in diameter, less than half of the size of the Gemini South dome which is 56 meters high and 42 meters in diameter. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0110E24F_5CF2_B94E_41A7_050D2D5D85B4.text = Clean rooms \ Astronomical instruments are complicated pieces of equipment that can contain hundreds of parts. Many of them are delicate devices that need extreme care when handling. These clean rooms provide clean environments for engineers to work on with these extremely high-precision instruments. TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF96A058_4A4C_602C_41C6_AEE1E8B66D5D.text = Coating chamber \ \ Both the 8.4-meter primary/tertiary mirror and the 3.4-meter secondary mirrors will be coated using this chamber. TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AAB3DD7_555D_3A98_41D2_0617C5B4FAC8.text = Construction Crane \ The Vera C. Rubin Observatory construction at Cerro Pachón started in 2015, after the stone-laying ceremony that was attended by the then President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0A15A59_45CC_602C_41D0_C92BFAD119D8.text = Control room of Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0B72A80_45CC_601C_4187_D6AC3E6060E0.text = Control room of Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0A1AA5A_45CC_602C_4193_8CB06C0107F2.text = Control room of Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FD4452C7_5B37_B9BE_41C9_16CA48D89E7C.text = Coquimbo & La Serena Light Pollution TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC349CE0_46BC_601D_41CC_0A5632F1A0B8.text = DIMM \ One of two DIMMs on Cerro Pachón. It is an automatic seeing monitor to provide atmospheric seeing information for users of the telescope. TextToSpeechBehaviour_19D45E69_4ADC_60EF_41BA_3058D5DDB218.text = DIMM tower \ The Differential Image Motion Monitor monitors turbulence in the atmosphere above the observatory. TextToSpeechBehaviour_483242AC_5B17_9D27_41D4_BB57A9A6E0A2.text = Data Network \ Dedicated computer facilities will process Rubin Observatory data in real time and will generate approximately 20 terabytes of data per night. During its ten-year survey it will produce a 15 petabyte catalog database. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3C2B743A_5F11_98D6_41CB_9060EB66301E.text = Data center \ Each summit facility has a bank of servers where the data collected by the telescope are stored. TextToSpeechBehaviour_6FA5BC09_4644_A02F_41B3_4700E1A76146.text = Dome size: 56 meters high and 42 meters in diameter. TextToSpeechBehaviour_039B884B_4647_A023_41A6_B2F7FC5376B8.text = Each Gemini telescope has a suite of four optical and infrared imagers and spectrographs, mounted on the back of the telescope at the same time (as well as the acquisition and guidance instruments). This means that switching from one instrument to another takes only a matter of minutes to complete before being able to take data on the next science target. This is crucial to astronomy in the time domain (for example, observing a gamma-ray burst in its very earliest stages). Something like 10% of our science programs require us to ‘drop everything’ and go to a target as soon as possible. TextToSpeechBehaviour_43AB3A2C_5B11_6D20_41C0_005B26010D6D.text = Eagle Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_C94D62F4_6531_9952_41C5_935F93CD9EFE.text = Environment \ NOIRLab sites take steps to protect wildlife and the natural landscape from disturbances that could be caused by visitors and staff. Actions like moving and replanting endemic cactus species, bird deterrents to protect them from energized cables, signs instructing visitors not to feed or bother wildlife, are all part of the environmental protection plan. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6BE30E0_5B37_B972_41CA_A916D2008D6E.text = Fighting Dragon Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2DF96A3_64EF_99F6_41D4_E151F5680D28.text = Fomalhaut TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3170162_64EF_9B76_41BD_6D1BF7C2DF8F.text = Galactic Center TextToSpeechBehaviour_FD6765E6_5B37_9B7F_41D4_653EEC3CE89F.text = Gegenschein \ Click here for more info TextToSpeechBehaviour_FF24043B_5B31_98D6_41D7_F24C7148FBE2.text = Gemini South \ The Gemini South telescope is one of the twin Gemini telescopes, and provides a complete view of the night sky’s southern hemisphere. The Gemini telescopes are optimized for infrared observing, with protective silver coatings on their mirrors, and have flexible observing modes and five instruments mounted and ready for use, allowing them to make the most of the night sky in even very poor weather conditions. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3526C925_5799_A77F_41C2_0FA65E63281E.text = Go to Gemini South at Night TextToSpeechBehaviour_2F2BE635_5796_AD5F_41B9_DED0B9671F13.text = Go to Gemini South at Night TextToSpeechBehaviour_4FCDB69C_568A_6D4C_41B2_7F262F836BC2.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Aerial View TextToSpeechBehaviour_C1243DC1_6533_ABB2_41D0_1E1A641C0967.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Aerial View TextToSpeechBehaviour_4C704679_5696_ADD4_41CB_299E4AEB798B.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Aerial View TextToSpeechBehaviour_4DDBA000_55DD_6977_41CD_2E92B2D1C6B0.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Aerial View TextToSpeechBehaviour_0BC331E5_5D12_9B72_41A8_CCD4A25BC59F.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Hotel TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AADCDC1_555D_3AF8_41D3_56803C7B5013.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Hotel TextToSpeechBehaviour_F6360EE4_6517_6972_41A6_2CB758049C00.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Hotel TextToSpeechBehaviour_405EE0E9_568E_A6F4_41C6_E381C59A5B08.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Hotel TextToSpeechBehaviour_755C0073_5D17_7956_41C8_43228A04449C.text = Go to Cerro Pachón Hotel TextToSpeechBehaviour_F683F583_651F_BBB6_41D3_A4A6A42C1D01.text = Go to Gemini Instrument Lab TextToSpeechBehaviour_1AE7AE0E_57B6_BD4D_41D2_21B881B962AF.text = Go to Gemini South Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_1661E9DD_464D_A024_41C5_DD62C1329132.text = Go to Gemini South Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_F21950AB_5B17_F9F6_41D0_6EA44A14B865.text = Go to Gemini South Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_041600AA_5CF7_99F6_41BA_25A478A2872E.text = Go to Gemini South Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_33F5F7B2_5F17_A7D6_41CA_98B49844893C.text = Go to Gemini South Instrument Lab TextToSpeechBehaviour_CB362E06_5B11_68BE_41C4_976C9C0D8B05.text = Go to Gemini South Laser TextToSpeechBehaviour_47F6BD79_568B_9FD4_41B4_86C98BAB9305.text = Go to Gemini South Laser TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF9FC081_4A4C_601C_41C3_44A08B45D757.text = Go to Gemini South Laser TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0A39A60_45CC_601C_419D_436605E66B5A.text = Go to Gemini South Laser TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC368CD7_46BC_6023_41CD_2252A67D51C3.text = Go to Gemini South Laser TextToSpeechBehaviour_FB2AFA9E_6513_69CE_41D7_4EC0E18A13AC.text = Go to Gemini South Laser TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC370CDC_46BC_6025_41B7_DCFE4E6254FB.text = Go to Gemini South Sculpture TextToSpeechBehaviour_09022C34_5D11_68D2_41D0_BBAD6A6432EA.text = Go to Gemini South Sculpture TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA8BC505_6531_98B2_41CB_A3EDEDFC4E34.text = Go to Gemini South Sculpture TextToSpeechBehaviour_4DDB8FF0_55DD_7697_41A9_C2CCB30E761C.text = Go to Gemini South Solar Panels TextToSpeechBehaviour_40544109_568E_A734_41D1_7380DF378BF7.text = Go to Gemini South Solar Panels TextToSpeechBehaviour_35216913_5799_A75B_41CE_BB61F0146ACC.text = Go to Gemini South Solar Panels TextToSpeechBehaviour_066B9BE1_5CF2_AF72_41A5_17DEEF1BF432.text = Go to Gemini South Telescope Horizon TextToSpeechBehaviour_1B98F066_46C4_60E4_41AC_B6E0C427143E.text = Go to Gemini South Telescope Horizon TextToSpeechBehaviour_9E4941E1_5B32_BB72_41C7_48EB95933F76.text = Go to Gemini South Telescope Zenith TextToSpeechBehaviour_3BEDE1D6_5F13_FB5E_41D6_82C63F3195B5.text = Go to Gemini South Telescope Zenith TextToSpeechBehaviour_FEA78B53_5B16_AF56_41D5_D857594AD4D2.text = Go to Gemini South and SOAR TextToSpeechBehaviour_6207944C_5979_ADCC_41C2_71948161732A.text = Go to Gemini South and SOAR TextToSpeechBehaviour_35260918_5799_A755_41C5_ADB89C1B1095.text = Go to Gemini South and soar TextToSpeechBehaviour_62C2EAF1_5689_9AD4_41D1_28D15C31E107.text = Go to Gemini South at Night TextToSpeechBehaviour_EDE60B3E_5B13_E8CE_41D7_B829E4B595CE.text = Go to Gemini South at Night TextToSpeechBehaviour_744B9473_5D32_B954_41C8_2318BFADD243.text = Go to Gemini South at Night TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3FFABA5_64F3_AFF2_41AB_86FA2D213D66.text = Go to Milky Way over Pachón TextToSpeechBehaviour_C7D86FDD_5B2E_A752_41C8_92DA2D43B810.text = Go to Milky Way over Pachón TextToSpeechBehaviour_072082C7_4A4C_6024_41C7_76981F3F8E3E.text = Go to Milky Way over Pachón TextToSpeechBehaviour_F99B0705_5B13_98BD_41CC_B32EC74B5EF7.text = Go to Milky Way over SOAR TextToSpeechBehaviour_62FE4AFE_5689_9ACC_41A0_51CBC96E96CE.text = Go to Milky Way over soar TextToSpeechBehaviour_4DD3BFE9_55DD_7689_41BE_464891CA9ACF.text = Go to Milky Way over soar TextToSpeechBehaviour_72763F0B_56CD_1789_41CF_EA38657A230C.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel TextToSpeechBehaviour_FEC46D14_45C7_A024_41B6_2665B1941C2C.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel TextToSpeechBehaviour_700A373B_5D16_98D6_41A4_3A824982A30C.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel TextToSpeechBehaviour_0CF2CABC_5CF2_E9D2_41C2_259AE821001D.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel TextToSpeechBehaviour_3A8B374B_4A5C_602C_4174_0A8F9318170A.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel Interior TextToSpeechBehaviour_F510475E_45C5_E025_41A3_291B9CDFF8AD.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel Interior TextToSpeechBehaviour_3AB4A73F_4A5C_6064_41C9_E2F2B41C4528.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel Milky Way TextToSpeechBehaviour_61444ABC_568E_654C_4192_0E85BF565EC9.text = Go to Rubin AuxTel Milky Way TextToSpeechBehaviour_4D0BC9C1_5B36_AF61_41A4_93D9E515D166.text = Go to Rubin Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_3DBC793E_5D12_A8CE_4198_36B50B5E5451.text = Go to Rubin Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_825C4794_4644_A025_41C4_7162597682CA.text = Go to Rubin Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF97E05F_4A4C_6024_41CB_6A30D967ED06.text = Go to Rubin Control Room TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0ABEA75_45CC_60E4_418B_9672260C0772.text = Go to Rubin Equipment Hall TextToSpeechBehaviour_4C5FC566_5B33_6723_41C6_E26417CBC482.text = Go to Rubin Equipment Hall TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF9EC087_4A4C_6024_418C_D1E16EE885DF.text = Go to Rubin Interior TextToSpeechBehaviour_01BA381D_5D11_A8D2_41CA_60D0E0D056DD.text = Go to Rubin Interior TextToSpeechBehaviour_F18A515E_45C4_E025_41C1_0FE37BC6BFFB.text = Go to Rubin Interior TextToSpeechBehaviour_42AEA0EE_5B76_9D23_41C6_91679D981E97.text = Go to Rubin Interior TextToSpeechBehaviour_71AF7CDF_5D11_E94E_419A_19D26E62AF0B.text = Go to Rubin Milky Way Rising TextToSpeechBehaviour_0A1F76C8_5CF1_99B2_41D1_9ECB87FFA496.text = Go to Rubin Milky Way Rising TextToSpeechBehaviour_2F32662A_5796_AD75_41D2_FC2787BE83F6.text = Go to Rubin Milky Way Rising TextToSpeechBehaviour_614E5AB3_568E_6554_41A7_D06CAA5AD777.text = Go to Rubin Moon Rising TextToSpeechBehaviour_C0421C56_651F_E95E_41D1_4400CB8ABDD3.text = Go to Rubin Moon Rising TextToSpeechBehaviour_F7479A51_64EF_6952_41D2_AA32A757A17D.text = Go to Rubin Moon Rising TextToSpeechBehaviour_072F02D3_4A4C_603C_41C1_D61EBC2E966C.text = Go to SOAR Interior 1 TextToSpeechBehaviour_45C9E71D_5555_3788_41B5_22D16F2F5411.text = Go to SOAR Interior 1 TextToSpeechBehaviour_F9B44E1B_5B13_E8D6_41AE_CE70AFE75C18.text = Go to SOAR Interior 2 TextToSpeechBehaviour_7DC34735_55CF_7799_41D1_E6F3CABA4176.text = Go to SOAR Interior 2 TextToSpeechBehaviour_072832E3_4A4C_601C_41A5_7C3F61B09A71.text = Go to SOAR Telescope TextToSpeechBehaviour_405530EF_568E_A6CB_419F_091E40C63361.text = Go to SOAR Telescope TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AABDDC8_555D_3A88_41BF_BD725F3E0D36.text = Go to SOAR Telescope TextToSpeechBehaviour_45C8D72D_5555_3788_41CD_349B59856A62.text = Go to SOAR Telescope TextToSpeechBehaviour_405560FB_568E_A6D4_41D0_583DB0285A05.text = Go to Vera C. Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_C9E65459_6531_B952_41C7_C56F1FEA8B54.text = Go to Vera C. Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_42A6286D_5B31_6D21_41CB_2CA491A75F2C.text = Go to Vera C. Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_74C405B6_5D12_9BDE_41CF_5E85689CB360.text = Go to Vera C. Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AAB9DD5_555D_3A98_41CE_0D9DC1FEDF8E.text = Go to Vera C. Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_6160C31C_569A_6B4C_41D0_326CE9EB2A18.text = Go to Vera C. Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_3A8D4764_4A5C_60E4_41C6_648EF78E8808.text = Go to Vera C. Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_A1A5ACFB_4647_A1E3_41B0_0ED54311A2DC.text = Go to soar Telescope TextToSpeechBehaviour_62FEFB0B_5689_9B34_41C7_F84E0E2CF728.text = Green sky glow \ Here you can see a prominent green sky, The green airglow is caused by molecular oxygen which is excited by daytime ultraviolet radiation and then emits a faint glow at night as the oxygen molecules transition to a lower energy state. The glow is remotely related to aurorae, but is much fainter and is excited by ultraviolet radiation rather than by solar wind particles. \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_42ED2B45_5B16_A361_419F_55962B3AE337.text = Gum Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6784F2C_5B36_A8F2_41BC_3F7C627EBB9E.text = Gum Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_4201E7E5_5B16_E321_41BB_075343920092.text = Hadar TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3462606_64EF_B8BE_41D7_0F8DE62001EA.text = Hadar TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6AED12A_5B37_98F6_41CC_F185B3D684C8.text = Hadar TextToSpeechBehaviour_47AD0031_5B2E_9D21_41CC_D35975585C7F.text = In tandem with the 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón, a smaller telescope, the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel), has been sited on a nearby hill, a short distance away from the main observatory facility. This 1.2-meter telescope, which was donated to Rubin Observatory in 2008 by astrophysicist and entrepreneur Edgar Smith, will provide important complementary data for Rubin Observatory throughout survey operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_41EDA970_5B12_AF3F_41D2_F354FF23E7C6.text = In tandem with the 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón, a smaller telescope, the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel), has been sited on a nearby hill, a short distance away from the main observatory facility. This 1.2-meter telescope, which was donated to Rubin Observatory in 2008 by astrophysicist and entrepreneur Edgar Smith, will provide important complementary data for Rubin Observatory throughout survey operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_41D2CC3D_5B12_A521_41CE_93BF62E8912E.text = In tandem with the 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón, a smaller telescope, the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel), has been sited on a nearby hill, a short distance away from the main observatory facility. This 1.2-meter telescope, which was donated to Rubin Observatory in 2008 by astrophysicist and entrepreneur Edgar Smith, will provide important complementary data for Rubin Observatory throughout survey operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_01CDBFCB_465C_A02C_41AB_3208FEE11B5B.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. TextToSpeechBehaviour_35267934_5799_A75D_41D2_036C13ECC7B5.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0AA0A86_45CC_6024_41C3_E4E8660E04E0.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC322CE1_46BC_601F_41AD_B57BF3D429A0.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. TextToSpeechBehaviour_08DDD59A_5CF1_7BD6_41D5_463CCC59DA78.text = Instrument flexure rig \ Instruments are put through their paces and fully tested in all possible orientations before being mounted on the telescope. In this way the staff working on the instruments can check how each system will work in normal operational positions. This is called a flexure rig. There is a flexure rig at the base facility as well. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F23A7AF0_64EE_A952_41C9_27EBC4CF8BC7.text = Jupiter TextToSpeechBehaviour_484D50EF_5B16_9D21_41CE_2FA9442B7078.text = LSST Camera \ A team of engineers and technicians at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory constructed the LSST Camera, the largest digital camera ever built for astronomy. The camera is roughly the size of a small car and weighs almost 2800 kilograms. \ \ The focal plane consists of 189 charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors totalling 3200 megapixels. \ \ Every night, Rubin Observatory’s intricate data network will move 20 terabytes of data from the summit of Cerro Pachón in Chile to the US Data Facility and then to other data processing facilities around the world. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6A26CAC_5B37_E9F2_41D4_E412C9EFFC94.text = Large Magellanic Cloud TextToSpeechBehaviour_43681B29_5B17_A321_41D1_0C64FD1BE99C.text = Large Magellanic Cloud TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2C018C4_64EF_A9B2_41BB_AF466284869D.text = Large Magellanic Cloud TextToSpeechBehaviour_FD8BD862_5B37_6976_41AA_F1710BFAE337.text = Laser Guide Star Propagation \ Click here for more info TextToSpeechBehaviour_C0585096_5B33_B9DE_41A5_A9F77871455E.text = Light pollution \ Although Gemini South and SOAR are located in remote locations in the Chilean Andes, a long-exposure photograph is able to capture the light pollution coming from nearby cities such as Vicuña, Ovalle, Andacollo and the La Serena-Coquimbo area. This problem is getting worse with time, which is bad for people, animals, and astronomy. TextToSpeechBehaviour_62F9EB07_5689_9B3C_41D5_BE3D7CFDDCF0.text = Light pollution is the human-made alteration of outdoor light levels above those occurring naturally. When we over-light, fail to use timers and sensors, or use the wrong color of light, we can negatively affect many inhabitants of our world, including migratory birds, pollinators, sea turtles, and mammals, including humans. Light pollution is not just a problem for our precious sky heritage and a human and environmental threat, but it also threatens the remote mountaintop sites where the major world-class astronomical facilities operate. TextToSpeechBehaviour_43B8256B_5B11_6721_41CB_C40B03B0854A.text = Lobster Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_3529992C_5799_A74D_41CE_84A8E1DE8953.text = MCAO \ The Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) at the Gemini South telescope on Cerro Pachón was the first sodium-based multilaser guide star (LGS) adaptive optics system. It uses five LGSs and two deformable mirrors to measure and compensate for image distortions caused by the atmosphere. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F1C677E2_64EE_A776_41C3_BB3F93442853.text = Magellanic Clouds \ The bright ‘clouds’ over the horizon are actually the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, a couple of irregular dwarf galaxies in the southern celestial hemisphere. Orbiting the Milky Way, these satellite galaxies are members of the Local Group. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2A63D0E_64EF_A8CE_41AC_68583BA8D094.text = Mars TextToSpeechBehaviour_F21FDAD0_64EE_E952_41CB_264ADB4B5626.text = Milky Way \ The Milky Way, our galaxy, arches gracefully over the Gemini South telescope. TextToSpeechBehaviour_33B0D581_5699_EF34_41C1_262420595461.text = Moon Rising \ While a full Moon is great for allowing human eyes to see at night it is not ideal for astronomical observations. On Moonlit nights observations are limited to infrared wavelengths or engineering tasks, that do not require dark, Moonless time. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F30F0E4E_64EF_E94E_4195_4DEF0139F7C1.text = North America Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0AABA7C_45CC_60E4_41CE_11474AE71761.text = Observing Stations \ Observing specialists can control and view data from both the Simonyi Survey Telescope (the main telescope) and the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope from this room. TextToSpeechBehaviour_73B66CF5_467F_A1E7_41CE_7FCB325F3E2C.text = Observing slit/dome \ The Gemini South dome is 46 meters (151 feet or 15 stories) high and weighs 600 US tons. During observations the observing slit will slide open to allow light to be collected by the 8.1-meter primary mirror. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0AA6A6E_45CC_60E4_41C9_466FEA175A9D.text = Offices \ A variety of staff members spend their workdays on the summit, riding the bus from the base facility in La Serena. TextToSpeechBehaviour_438611FD_5B11_9F21_41C2_F608F7AFC4EA.text = Omega Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_C30E728E_5BF1_B9CE_41C0_2B797C345B8D.text = On the fourth floor of the Gemini South building sits one of the twin Gemini telescopes. The telescope stands about seven stories high from the floor. The Gemini telescopes are alt-azimuth Cassegrain-mounted reflecting telescopes. This means that the telescope rotates on its platform and can tilt down in altitude (angular distance from zenith). Combining these two motions allows the telescope to track celestial objects in the night sky. The instruments on the back of the telescope are on a mount at the Cassegrain focus on the Instrument Support Structure (ISS), which allows them to rotate so as to keep the image orientation constant as they collect light from distant objects. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F4A17816_5B12_A8DE_41A9_2604A5A60A95.text = On the fourth floor of the Gemini South building sits one of the twin Gemini telescopes. The telescope stands about seven stories high from the floor. The Gemini telescopes are alt-azimuth Cassegrain-mounted reflecting telescopes. This means that the telescope rotates on its platform and can tilt down in altitude (angular distance from zenith). Combining these two motions allows the telescope to track celestial objects in the night sky. The instruments on the back of the telescope are on a mount at the Cassegrain focus on the Instrument Support Structure (ISS), which allows them to rotate so as to keep the image orientation constant as they collect light from distant objects. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F4A55A5E_5B12_A94E_41CC_D2B2FE056EB6.text = On the fourth floor of the Gemini South building sits one of the twin Gemini telescopes. The telescope stands about seven stories high from the floor. The Gemini telescopes are alt-azimuth Cassegrain-mounted reflecting telescopes. This means that the telescope rotates on its platform and can tilt down in altitude (angular distance from zenith). Combining these two motions allows the telescope to track celestial objects in the night sky. The instruments on the back of the telescope are on a mount at the Cassegrain focus on the Instrument Support Structure (ISS), which allows them to rotate so as to keep the image orientation constant as they collect light from distant objects. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3D261521_5F16_B8F2_41D0_CB41A79536D4.text = Operator \ When operating from the summit, the Science Operations Specialist monitors the queue plan for the night at this station and adapts it depending on the nighttime conditions. Gemini operates primarily in what is called queue mode which implements plans that depend upon sky conditions, humidity, wind, and many other factors. TextToSpeechBehaviour_61464AC5_568E_653C_41D5_8E716E4BE655.text = Panoramic view of Rubin Observatory and the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope under the Milky Way. TextToSpeechBehaviour_614DAAB0_568E_6554_41BA_C5B77C09C692.text = Panoramic view of Rubin Observatory and the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope under the Milky Way. TextToSpeechBehaviour_614D5AAD_568E_654C_41D2_D6A7ADB00B9E.text = Panoramic view of Rubin Observatory and the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope under the Milky Way. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C1496673_5B17_7956_41CF_72C3CC8851EE.text = Partnership \ soar is a joint project of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações do Brasil (MCTIC/LNA), NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and Michigan State University(MSU). TextToSpeechBehaviour_45C81730_5555_3798_41B4_7429C452CBB5.text = Partnership \ soar is a joint project of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações do Brasil (MCTIC/LNA), NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and Michigan State University(MSU). TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2D6D279_64EF_9952_41D7_B38D7BDA832C.text = Peacock TextToSpeechBehaviour_4255D25B_5B11_FD61_41AA_DCAE6A331B30.text = Peacock TextToSpeechBehaviour_434F8CC2_5B11_6563_41C2_38AE271FA1F7.text = Prawn Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3D55D1C_5B16_A8D2_41C6_1C8A4A1FBF9B.text = Primary Mirror \ The 8.1-meter primary mirrors of the Gemini telescopes are coated with a thin layer of silver to provide exceptional observations at wavelengths from optical to mid-infrared. This layer has a thickness between one thousandth and one ten-thousandth of the thickness of a human hair. TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF9E107B_4A4C_60E3_4196_546C23EBB484.text = Primary/tertiary mirror cell \ This is the steel support structure for the telescope’s primary/tertiary mirror. It will be integrated with the glass mirror, and then the whole assembly will be installed on the telescope mount. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C680CCED_5B37_A972_41B1_5C49A0462696.text = Procyon TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6662A1F_5B37_68CE_41CD_B5BAC2A5A5A5.text = Regulus TextToSpeechBehaviour_45CF4722_5555_37B8_418C_F2D27228B264.text = Research \ The soar Telescope is among the foremost research facilities available to astronomers in the southern hemisphere, producing the best image quality at wavelengths from optical to near-infrared, and at the same time offering both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. TextToSpeechBehaviour_436EBE07_5B16_A4E1_419A_51E2B41F3B49.text = Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6738B1F_5B36_A8CE_41D6_EA3EF1038554.text = Rigel TextToSpeechBehaviour_C68311AE_5B37_9BCE_41AE_AFE15F5EF09C.text = Rosette Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_3A8DD759_4A5C_602C_41D2_0310A20389FE.text = Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel) \ Each night, while Rubin Observatory surveys the sky, the AuxTel will repeatedly observe a small set of bright stars. Inside the AuxTel a device called a spectrograph separates the light from each of these stars into its component wavelengths (i.e., colors) and records the results. TextToSpeechBehaviour_4CBD700A_5B13_9CE3_41CF_EEC04791060A.text = Rubin Auxiliary Telescope goals \ The telescope will measure the spectra of stars to determine the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the light from astronomical objects. \ \ Data collected by the AuxTel will inform the catalog corrections that need to be made to Rubin Observatory data in order to render them more accurate. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FDBA9F4D_5B37_674D_41AB_8D7617060234.text = Rubin Observatory TextToSpeechBehaviour_6145AACD_568E_7ACC_41D3_43D02B043293.text = Rubin Observatory \ Every night for a decade, Rubin Observatory will take images of the sky using a 3200-megapixel camera and six different optical filters. Each image covers an area as big as 40 full Moons, and the giant 8.4-meter telescope can move to a new position in less than five seconds. TextToSpeechBehaviour_2F340625_5796_AD7F_41CC_BCBA7E9A4AD4.text = Rubin Observatory under the Milky Way, with the full Moon rising. TextToSpeechBehaviour_2F326622_5796_AD75_41B0_DC070FB37C1C.text = Rubin Observatory under the Milky Way, with the full Moon rising. TextToSpeechBehaviour_2F29E63C_5796_AD4D_41CF_5B88D70B730D.text = Rubin Observatory under the Milky Way, with the full Moon rising. TextToSpeechBehaviour_41A48BB0_5B11_E33F_41B3_A29A5DC024AD.text = Rubin Seeing Monitor \ The goal of the Rubin Seeing Monitor is to provide precise information about the atmospheric seeing at Vera C. Rubin Observatory — right at the time of the observations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0C4FB2D4_5D11_9952_41D6_E1428BA4BFE7.text = Rubin dome \ Rubin’s dome and telescope are controlled independently, so they can work in a complementary way without having to mirror each other’s exact movements. The telescope takes images of several different places in the sky through the opening of the dome while the dome moves more slowly along its track. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3519976_64EF_AB5E_41B7_DE22884F4C94.text = Running Chicken Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_42AF1F78_5B16_E32F_41B5_C33F5B893F46.text = Running Chicken Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6B408FC_5B37_A952_41CA_B08149DC771B.text = Running Chicken Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_C0EB883C_5B31_68D2_4176_F92202D942E2.text = SOAR \ The Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope is a 4.1-meter telescope designed to work at wavelengths from the atmospheric cutoff in the blue (320 nanometers) to the near-infrared. It has excellent image quality, fast slewing and a suite of up to nine instruments mounted ready for use. SOAR has been designed to produce the sharpest images possible with any ground-based telescope. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F305A8C7_64EF_E9BD_414A_47A7B4C49D75.text = SOAR Telescope TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2AE50F3_64EF_B956_41CF_CB0A99215DE2.text = Saturn TextToSpeechBehaviour_3FE51E57_5F17_695E_41D6_414BD826CB97.text = Science Operations Specialist \ When operating from the summit, a Science Operations Specialist sits at this station and monitors the telescope and instrumentation. Each Gemini telescope has five ports fed by the light from the primary mirror. Depending on the nature of the data requested by scientists, instruments can be switched as necessary. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C64078BE_5B36_A9CE_41B5_3191097995EC.text = Seagull Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_EDB1BB8F_5B13_6FCE_41B5_8DC78D8A6C26.text = Secondary mirror \ Gemini’s secondary mirror is about one meter across. Light from the primary mirror is reflected onto the secondary mirror and then back through a hole in the primary to the Cassegrain cluster, where it is directed into a waiting science instrument. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0D378F00_5D33_68B2_41D4_94155AB3F935.text = Seeing Monitor TextToSpeechBehaviour_43950DBB_5B11_6721_41B9_64A0D0CE1ECB.text = Serpent's Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3C3148E_64EE_B9CE_41C8_BDE721241328.text = Sh2-27 Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_4C800095_5B16_BDE1_41C7_1BF5601B9933.text = Sh2-27 Nebula TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6B90489_5B37_B9B2_41AC_1E8468D4FA1D.text = Sirius TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6A52796_5B37_E7DE_41CE_033E03FD7D27.text = Small Magellanic Cloud TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2B714EE_64EF_B94E_4178_B0C3E97E2C93.text = Small Magellanic Cloud TextToSpeechBehaviour_42BFCA49_5B17_6D61_41A1_76C2A680FAD0.text = Small Magellanic Cloud TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC34CCDA_46BC_602D_41BB_FD182A04564F.text = Solar Panels \ Photovoltaic panels provide around 20% of the energy needed to operate the telescope. \ \ In recent years many noirlab observatories, and those of our partners, have streamlined their nighttime operations and reduced their summit footprints by means of remote observing and, increasingly, automation. This minimizes operating costs and brings the observatories into better harmony with their natural surroundings. Solar power supported by local battery storage, and supplemented by green grid power as needed, can reduce noirlab’s CO2 footprint. The aim is to reduce noirlab’s annual carbon footprint by 50% of 2019 levels by the end of 2027. For more information see our Sustainability program. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C697ECD3_5B37_6956_41B4_3A48EF0BD249.text = Spica TextToSpeechBehaviour_43C16130_5B11_BF3F_41B6_FD0FEE3DC8B1.text = Spica TextToSpeechBehaviour_C93B645D_6531_7952_41A3_89C3C55D2EA7.text = Springtime \ When spring arrives, large Condors are often seen flying over the telescope domes. TextToSpeechBehaviour_072AC2E7_4A4C_61E4_41C3_492D46771E02.text = Support Staff \ The soar telescope has observing and technical support night staff working in the telescope on a 7 and 7 shift (7 days on the mountain and 7 days off). Some other engineering and technical support staff are available on call. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0C78E850_5D11_6952_41D5_0684DF27C18C.text = Support building \ The low, ~3000-square-meter (~32,000-square-foot)building that extends out from the telescope enclosure houses the support systems (e.g., electric, heating and cooling)that are necessary for the operation and maintenance of the telescope and camera. There is also a dedicated service floor, where special equipment is stored and routine maintenance tasks can be performed. TextToSpeechBehaviour_2F29463A_5796_AD55_4198_5123ABFBE569.text = Survey \ In its first ten years of operations, Rubin Observatory will conduct the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), capturing about 1000 images of the sky every night. Each image will cover a 9.6-square-degree field of view, or about 40 times the area of the full Moon. TextToSpeechBehaviour_6144BABF_568E_654C_41BD_0473EAFD9273.text = Survey \ In its first ten years of operations, Rubin Observatory will conduct the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), capturing about 1000 images of the sky every night. Each image will cover a 9.6-square-degree field of view, or about 40 times the area of the full Moon. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F5719DEB_5B37_AB76_41AF_141F95D071EF.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope is located on Cerro Pachón next to the Gemini South telescope. \ The SOAR telescope is among the foremost research facilities available to astronomers in the southern hemisphere, observing at wavelengths from optical to near-infrared, and at the same time offering both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F5711C18_5B37_A8D2_41C3_D49B86A31D61.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope is located on Cerro Pachón next to the Gemini South telescope. \ The SOAR telescope is among the foremost research facilities available to astronomers in the southern hemisphere, observing at wavelengths from optical to near-infrared, and at the same time offering both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F5D3EEC3_5B31_69B6_41C9_854B3F33A76D.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope is located on Cerro Pachón next to the Gemini South telescope. \ The SOAR telescope is among the foremost research facilities available to astronomers in the southern hemisphere, observing at wavelengths from optical to near-infrared, and at the same time offering both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_45D006FE_5555_3688_41C3_B546BDB8DA26.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (soar) Telescope was initiated by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1987. The final project development team was formed at the beginning of 1997. TextToSpeechBehaviour_45C85726_5555_37B8_41D2_37E502B76B3E.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (soar) Telescope was initiated by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1987. The final project development team was formed at the beginning of 1997. TextToSpeechBehaviour_45DE46F5_5555_3698_41D4_4ED27FF84EEB.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (soar) Telescope was initiated by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1987. The final project development team was formed at the beginning of 1997. TextToSpeechBehaviour_4941C920_5B12_ACDF_41A9_A810B35E8DA4.text = The 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory features a unique three-mirror design. This gives the telescope an exceptionally wide field of view, while maintaining a compact shape that allows it to move quickly across the sky. The design and construction of Rubin Observatory took more than a decade, with contributions from hundreds of individuals around the world. TextToSpeechBehaviour_49227E57_5B12_A561_41D1_47BEE54CC42F.text = The 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory features a unique three-mirror design. This gives the telescope an exceptionally wide field of view, while maintaining a compact shape that allows it to move quickly across the sky. The design and construction of Rubin Observatory took more than a decade, with contributions from hundreds of individuals around the world. TextToSpeechBehaviour_486274EF_5B12_A521_4165_06B7E41519E7.text = The 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory features a unique three-mirror design. This gives the telescope an exceptionally wide field of view, while maintaining a compact shape that allows it to move quickly across the sky. The design and construction of Rubin Observatory took more than a decade, with contributions from hundreds of individuals around the world. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FEA97466_5B31_997E_41B5_9515E58B0A07.text = The Andean mountain range is host to both the Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón telescopes. The Andes run down the length of Chile, and are home to many observatories. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C8E426B6_6532_99DE_41D6_6E8390C301F4.text = The Cerro Pachón Hotel hosts observers and observatory staff who need to stay overnight at the summit. These guests include staff who are observing as part of the night crew or are providing engineering support, or visiting observers. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0697E83B_5CEE_A8D6_41B8_1685DEC7B87A.text = The Gemini South Control Room at Cerro Pachón is where all of the nightly observations took place before the telescope began remote operations in 2016. Currently most observing is done from the base facility in the AURA Recinto at La Serena, Chile. Typically two staff members operate the telescope from there. Currently the Cerro Pachón Control Room is used to support engineering maintenance tasks. On very rare occasions there are nights when the Summit Control Room is used. TextToSpeechBehaviour_03604261_5F11_9975_41D2_2F75418BAA62.text = The Gemini South Control Room at Cerro Pachón is where all of the nightly observations took place before the telescope began remote operations in 2016. Currently most observing is done from the base facility in the AURA Recinto at La Serena, Chile. Typically two staff members operate the telescope from there. Currently the Cerro Pachón Control Room is used to support engineering maintenance tasks. On very rare occasions there are nights when the Summit Control Room is used. TextToSpeechBehaviour_03B5B0B6_5F11_79DE_41D4_920067D048E6.text = The Gemini South Control Room at Cerro Pachón is where all of the nightly observations took place before the telescope began remote operations in 2016. Currently most observing is done from the base facility in the AURA Recinto at La Serena, Chile. Typically two staff members operate the telescope from there. Currently the Cerro Pachón Control Room is used to support engineering maintenance tasks. On very rare occasions there are nights when the Summit Control Room is used. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FE1F949F_5B77_99CD_41D2_C04B4FF5B93E.text = The Gemini South telescope is located on Cerro Pachón, where very dry air and negligible cloud cover make this a prime telescope location. Gemini South is the southern twin of the International Gemini Observatory. It was designed to excel across a wide variety of optical and infrared capabilities by using protected silver-coated mirrors. By incorporating technologies such as laser guide star adaptive optics and multi-object spectroscopy, astronomers in the Gemini partnership explore the Universe in unprecedented depth and detail. TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA9C0CC9_5B12_A9B2_41D1_3D72D0CCDA5C.text = The Gemini South telescope is located on Cerro Pachón, where very dry air and negligible cloud cover make this a prime telescope location. Gemini South is the southern twin of the International Gemini Observatory. It was designed to excel across a wide variety of optical and infrared capabilities by using protected silver-coated mirrors. By incorporating technologies such as laser guide star adaptive optics and multi-object spectroscopy, astronomers in the Gemini partnership explore the Universe in unprecedented depth and detail. TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA991EAC_5B12_A9F2_41D5_0A2BB15AA74F.text = The Gemini South telescope is located on Cerro Pachón, where very dry air and negligible cloud cover make this a prime telescope location. Gemini South is the southern twin of the International Gemini Observatory. It was designed to excel across a wide variety of optical and infrared capabilities by using protected silver-coated mirrors. By incorporating technologies such as laser guide star adaptive optics and multi-object spectroscopy, astronomers in the Gemini partnership explore the Universe in unprecedented depth and detail. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC419CD3_46BC_6023_41D1_C948A444BA70.text = The Gemini South telescope on Cerro Pachón, with the solar panels and DIMM3 Seeing Monitor visible. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC41BCD3_46BC_6023_41C5_670B2B444397.text = The Gemini South telescope on Cerro Pachón, with the solar panels and DIMM3 Seeing Monitor visible. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FC37ECE3_46BC_61E3_41CD_68EFC79461A6.text = The Gemini South telescope on Cerro Pachón, with the solar panels and DIMM3 Seeing Monitor visible. TextToSpeechBehaviour_405130F6_568E_A6DC_41B6_B056305194E0.text = The Gemini South telescope sits between the Rubin Observatory and dining-hotel area, and the soar Telescope in Cerro Pachón. \ \ Typical vegetation such as Bailahuén and Sandillón cactus are seen in the foreground. TextToSpeechBehaviour_405FE0E3_568E_A6F4_4197_3B321347F58F.text = The Gemini South telescope sits between the Rubin Observatory and dining-hotel area, and the soar Telescope in Cerro Pachón. \ \ Typical vegetation such as Bailahuén and Sandillón cactus are seen in the foreground. TextToSpeechBehaviour_405E80E4_568E_A6FC_41BC_7FFCD5FE92B2.text = The Gemini South telescope sits between the Rubin Observatory and dining-hotel area, and the soar Telescope in Cerro Pachón. \ \ Typical vegetation such as Bailahuén and Sandillón cactus are seen in the foreground. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3529392E_5799_A74D_41D2_C11B5E245CA7.text = The Gemini South telescope sometimes deploys the laser of the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System, which allows astronomers to obtain the sharpest images of the Universe from the ground. \ \ Gemini Observatory consists of twin telescopes, one in each hemisphere, providing astronomers with access to the entire sky. \ \ Both telescopes are equipped with some of the most advanced adaptive optics systems to explore the entire night sky. TextToSpeechBehaviour_353E090D_5799_A74F_41BC_8E74F8FE15B7.text = The Gemini South telescope sometimes deploys the laser of the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System, which allows astronomers to obtain the sharpest images of the Universe from the ground. \ \ Gemini Observatory consists of twin telescopes, one in each hemisphere, providing astronomers with access to the entire sky. \ \ Both telescopes are equipped with some of the most advanced adaptive optics systems to explore the entire night sky. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3521990D_5799_A74F_41D5_23ABAA493E05.text = The Gemini South telescope sometimes deploys the laser of the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System, which allows astronomers to obtain the sharpest images of the Universe from the ground. \ \ Gemini Observatory consists of twin telescopes, one in each hemisphere, providing astronomers with access to the entire sky. \ \ Both telescopes are equipped with some of the most advanced adaptive optics systems to explore the entire night sky. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3209D2FC_46C5_E1E5_41CE_AFF05AC39D9C.text = The Gemini South telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory is composed of an 8.1-meter silver-coated primary mirror and a suite of up to five instruments. The dome has two vent gates that open to minimize air turbulence over the primary mirror before its nightly operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_33C19555_46C5_A027_41A5_FB9C7C9BC4C2.text = The Gemini South telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory is composed of an 8.1-meter silver-coated primary mirror and a suite of up to five instruments. The dome has two vent gates that open to minimize air turbulence over the primary mirror before its nightly operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_5A7A2F3D_4644_E064_41A0_50CEE85FF291.text = The Gemini South telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory is composed of an 8.1-meter silver-coated primary mirror and a suite of up to five instruments. The dome has two vent gates that open to minimize air turbulence over the primary mirror before its nightly operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_9CFE6732_5B31_B8D7_4197_E16B327296EC.text = The Gemini international partnership includes the United States, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Korea. These participants and the University of Hawai‘i, which has regular access to Gemini, each maintain a National Gemini Office to support their local users. \ Any astronomer in these countries can apply for Gemini time, which is allocated in proportion to each participant’s level of support. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_04847A8C_5CF3_A9B2_41D3_91198E32FE31.text = The Instrument Lab at the Gemini South telescope is the room where new instruments arrive in order to prepare for commissioning before starting operations. The room also provides a clean area where engineers can work on specific tasks, including optics and engineering maintenance operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0F5FD8DC_5CFF_A952_41D3_21B10B0630C4.text = The Instrument Lab at the Gemini South telescope is the room where new instruments arrive in order to prepare for commissioning before starting operations. The room also provides a clean area where engineers can work on specific tasks, including optics and engineering maintenance operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_04A66F3D_5CF3_A8D2_41CD_D9773B94DA1B.text = The Instrument Lab at the Gemini South telescope is the room where new instruments arrive in order to prepare for commissioning before starting operations. The room also provides a clean area where engineers can work on specific tasks, including optics and engineering maintenance operations. TextToSpeechBehaviour_62C13AEB_5689_9AF4_41CA_5FA2BD7CF5D3.text = The Milky Way over the soar and Gemini South telescopes along with the Magellanic Clouds with a little bit of light pollution coming from the La Serena and Coquimbo areas. TextToSpeechBehaviour_62FE4B05_5689_9B3C_41B9_D71FC4E8AFD2.text = The Milky Way over the soar and Gemini South telescopes along with the Magellanic Clouds with a little bit of light pollution coming from the La Serena and Coquimbo areas. TextToSpeechBehaviour_62C1BAE7_5689_9AFC_41C8_9FA7002E4F22.text = The Milky Way over the soar and Gemini South telescopes along with the Magellanic Clouds with a little bit of light pollution coming from the La Serena and Coquimbo areas. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0EA2A6A9_5D31_99F2_41D0_9BBD708FBBC5.text = The Moon TextToSpeechBehaviour_C65EABC6_5B36_EFBE_41CC_61CB35E179E5.text = The Moon TextToSpeechBehaviour_C9181A16_6531_68DF_41C7_E9383A9B07B7.text = The Moon TextToSpeechBehaviour_8245377D_4644_A0E7_41BE_6F05588F2689.text = The Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel) works by repeatedly observing a small set of well-known, bright stars and measuring how their colors change when they pass through the atmosphere. Scientists use these measurements to essentially ‘color-correct’ images taken by Rubin Observatory. TextToSpeechBehaviour_825C479D_4644_A027_41C2_CD8AF2FDFA02.text = The Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel) works by repeatedly observing a small set of well-known, bright stars and measuring how their colors change when they pass through the atmosphere. Scientists use these measurements to essentially ‘color-correct’ images taken by Rubin Observatory. TextToSpeechBehaviour_8246C77B_4644_A0E3_41D1_D8BCEC032D83.text = The Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel) works by repeatedly observing a small set of well-known, bright stars and measuring how their colors change when they pass through the atmosphere. Scientists use these measurements to essentially ‘color-correct’ images taken by Rubin Observatory. TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AAA9DCE_555D_3A88_41A0_BDDF23F05CAB.text = The location of Rubin Observatory's facility takes advantage of the topography of the El Peñón summit on Cerro Pachón. The domed telescope enclosure sits on the highest and largest peak, and the service building rests on a slightly lower area farther to the east. TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AACDDBC_555D_3A88_41D0_1217DEB4FA66.text = The location of Rubin Observatory's facility takes advantage of the topography of the El Peñón summit on Cerro Pachón. The domed telescope enclosure sits on the highest and largest peak, and the service building rests on a slightly lower area farther to the east. TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AACFDBB_555D_3A88_41C1_5D0577977AE0.text = The location of Rubin Observatory's facility takes advantage of the topography of the El Peñón summit on Cerro Pachón. The domed telescope enclosure sits on the highest and largest peak, and the service building rests on a slightly lower area farther to the east. TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF896057_4A4C_6024_418C_D6C5853A3C1A.text = The maintenance and equipment hall, on the third level of Vera C. Rubin Observatory. This space is currently being used to store pieces of equipment that will soon be installed on the telescope. During operations, the space will be used for maintenance activities such as mirror washing and recoating. TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF89F053_4A4C_603C_41C5_6A7516CF6D9E.text = The maintenance and equipment hall, on the third level of Vera C. Rubin Observatory. This space is currently being used to store pieces of equipment that will soon be installed on the telescope. During operations, the space will be used for maintenance activities such as mirror washing and recoating. TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF9E9078_4A4C_60ED_41AE_467D3EF25155.text = The maintenance and equipment hall, on the third level of Vera C. Rubin Observatory. This space is currently being used to store pieces of equipment that will soon be installed on the telescope. During operations, the space will be used for maintenance activities such as mirror washing and recoating. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F4341040_5B3E_98B2_41D4_E605377C800D.text = The telescope uses active optics on its primary and secondary mirrors to attain an image quality and a resolution that are the best of any telescope in its class. Active optics involves correcting the shape of the mirrors; this is different from adaptive optics, which corrects for the distortions caused by our atmosphere. TextToSpeechBehaviour_4DD9AFFA_55DD_768B_4176_CC360456C224.text = The weather tower seen here contains a weather station, sensors and a webcam. TextToSpeechBehaviour_072E32DA_4A4C_602C_41C9_71EE26829618.text = This image shows the Milky Way and the soar telescope at Cerro Pachón, while an assistant observer checks the site. In the image you can also see the Gemini South Laser propagation, as well as the Large and Small Magellanic clouds. TextToSpeechBehaviour_0727A2C0_4A4C_601C_41AA_24D6F5169D7A.text = This image shows the Milky Way and the soar telescope at Cerro Pachón, while an assistant observer checks the site. In the image you can also see the Gemini South Laser propagation, as well as the Large and Small Magellanic clouds. TextToSpeechBehaviour_072752BF_4A4C_6064_41CC_97EAFA7210B1.text = This image shows the Milky Way and the soar telescope at Cerro Pachón, while an assistant observer checks the site. In the image you can also see the Gemini South Laser propagation, as well as the Large and Small Magellanic clouds. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2FD358F_64EF_FBCE_41C7_0C990BB8E199.text = Vega TextToSpeechBehaviour_EF526F07_5B12_A8BD_41C0_E69869F269D1.text = Vent Gates \ These vent gates open up to about three stories tall to allow the outside air to flow over the mirror in a smooth flow, keeping temperatures constant for the sharpest imaging. Each side is independent of the other, giving operators fine control over how much outside air passes through the dome. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F241A104_64EE_B8B2_41D3_3DD213F8CADE.text = Venus TextToSpeechBehaviour_4AAB5DCA_555D_3A88_41AF_3065694AB4DC.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory \ Rubin Observatory is not just a telescope; it’s a complex, integrated system consisting of an 8.4-meter wide-field ground-based telescope, a 3200-megapixel camera, an automated data processing system, and an online public engagement platform. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3A89C752_4A5C_603C_41C5_5394407425D0.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory \ Rubin’s 2500-square-meter (27,000-square-foot) building houses many complex support systems necessary for the operation and maintenance of the telescope and camera. TextToSpeechBehaviour_132FF934_5D11_E8D2_41D5_A6C16D32CD9F.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory will conduct an unprecedented, decade-long survey of the southern night sky to help us understand more about the nature of dark matter and dark energy, catalog the Solar System, explore the changing sky, and learn more about the Milky Way’s structure and formation. TextToSpeechBehaviour_773B7A38_5D13_68D3_41A8_4F47ACDEC600.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory will conduct an unprecedented, decade-long survey of the southern night sky to help us understand more about the nature of dark matter and dark energy, catalog the Solar System, explore the changing sky, and learn more about the Milky Way’s structure and formation. TextToSpeechBehaviour_1336F770_5D11_E752_41BB_3798D604762C.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory will conduct an unprecedented, decade-long survey of the southern night sky to help us understand more about the nature of dark matter and dark energy, catalog the Solar System, explore the changing sky, and learn more about the Milky Way’s structure and formation. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3A8D5756_4A5C_6024_41B7_4BD4008A2539.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which includes the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope and other supporting structures. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3AB7A72E_4A5C_6064_41C7_ABE42448D23E.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which includes the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope and other supporting structures. TextToSpeechBehaviour_3AB52733_4A5C_607C_41C5_1CEB7CBA69E6.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which includes the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope and other supporting structures. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C6D9D129_5B37_F8F2_41C9_4E11E05A62BF.text = Vicuña Light Pollution TextToSpeechBehaviour_48F88D77_5B11_A720_41C0_8A465940EFE9.text = Virtual Reality walk-through Rubin Observatory during its construction \ (3 minutes) TextToSpeechBehaviour_C75649BD_6532_ABD2_41C1_BAC7B5337B2B.text = Welcome to \ Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ The summit of Cerro Pachón is located 10 kilometers (6 miles) southeast of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). It is an isolated and remote location that is very dry. However, it hosts a variety of plants and animal species. It is common to see foxes in the mountains, as well as chinchillas (rodents slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, that are native to the Andean mountains in South America). TextToSpeechBehaviour_FE8C3C66_5B77_A97E_41BD_924429EE24BA.text = Welcome to \ Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ The summit of Cerro Pachón is located 10 kilometers (6 miles) southeast of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). It is an isolated and remote location that is very dry. However, it hosts a variety of plants and animal species. It is common to see foxes in the mountains, as well as chinchillas (rodents slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, that are native to the Andean mountains in South America). TextToSpeechBehaviour_C7A10CF5_6532_A952_41D2_223A6F8DD869.text = Welcome to \ Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ The summit of Cerro Pachón is located 10 kilometers (6 miles) southeast of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). It is an isolated and remote location that is very dry. However, it hosts a variety of plants and animal species. It is common to see foxes in the mountains, as well as chinchillas (rodents slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, that are native to the Andean mountains in South America). TextToSpeechBehaviour_C9E7DBAD_5B13_AFCD_41C3_19052AF81557.text = Zodiacal Light \ Over the horizon a delicate band of zodiacal light extends through the sky. The zodiacal light is the faint glow of diffuse sunlight scattered by interplanetary dust. \ Click Here for more info. ### URL PopupWebFrameBehaviour_74ED96F0_E955_D429_41CD_787CBA7EF0B3.url = https://noirlab.edu/public/images/iotw2225b/ PopupWebFrameBehaviour_B01B71D7_8A39_67B2_41D1_762E88172563.url = https://noirlab.edu/public/images/iotw2225b/ PopupWebFrameBehaviour_BB58ECD0_8A36_DD8F_41BD_433B1B5CCFE4.url = https://noirlab.edu/public/images/iotw2225b/ PopupWebFrameBehaviour_C1E4B86B_8DEF_A492_4157_43B9D6156220.url = https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2116/ LinkBehaviour_582726D4_57D6_03D8_41CD_48EA5C9FF0A4.source = https://noirlab.edu/public/products/virtual-tours/ LinkBehaviour_6D0E010A_584E_1E49_418E_524F61D493AE.source = https://noirlab.edu/public/products/virtual-tours/ PopupWebFrameBehaviour_66C4E5E0_FB54_D429_41B9_DD97DA0B8800.url = https://noirlab.edu/public/programs/csdc/ PopupWebFrameBehaviour_6B0FD775_FB57_D42B_41A9_15EBF0B213DA.url = https://noirlab.edu/public/programs/gemini-observatory/ WebFrame_CAE172AC_8A2A_A596_41DE_3A393C479D32.url = https://noirlab.edu/public/programs/gemini-observatory/gemini-south/gems/ WebFrame_C573D826_8A36_E493_41DD_8934B6B7B336.url = https://www.gemini.edu/sciops/telescopes-and-sites/weather/cerro-pachon/cloud-cam/quickflics.html LinkBehaviour_B319BFDA_95D0_28E0_41D9_3BE3F2219CB4.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/ LinkBehaviour_A2B877DF_F5EA_620D_41D5_57B2DC0ACE1E.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/ LinkBehaviour_71304AC8_584A_03C8_41C2_DF25665D8B45.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/about/ LinkBehaviour_71304AC8_584A_03C8_41C2_DF25665D8B45.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/about/ LinkBehaviour_2FD85767_7D2C_6DDD_4137_FBD7CE4C5B38.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/images/?search=Cerro+Pach%C3%B3n LinkBehaviour_AE50C9DB_9E93_51FC_41B8_FC49BCAF270A.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/images/?search=Cerro+Pach%C3%B3n LinkBehaviour_90A7F016_8639_A4B2_41D0_059CE11366D2.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/programs/ctio/ LinkBehaviour_B2E09DA2_95D0_28A3_41DE_1089BA875DE3.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/programs/gemini-observatory/ LinkBehaviour_9E901344_863A_A496_41D0_1349C2F05913.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/programs/vera-c-rubin-observatory/ LinkBehaviour_AB56D6B3_9E91_53B3_41D8_3C7478CAE902.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/videos/?search=Cerro+Pach%C3%B3n LinkBehaviour_281405AA_7D2C_2D54_41CF_BF178DD8F664.source = https://www.noirlab.edu/public/videos/?search=Cerro+Pach%C3%B3n PopupWebFrameBehaviour_2F34ABE3_5F2E_EF76_418B_6843C41D9C77.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/VNFT5YCa4j8?si=QUBJ_YxzTnLAjASc ## E-Learning ### Question Screen quizQuestion_2349C385_3EA9_0F84_41CA_5B4B4AECA91E.ok = OK ### Report Screen quizScore_20B63386_3EA9_0F84_41C0_AD8FCC1CD7CD.title = - 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Active optics involves correcting the shape of the mirrors; this is different from adaptive optics, which corrects for the distortions caused by our atmosphere. 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HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ECBA770_464C_60FC_41D1_31E9A25D06F1.text = \ Gemini South \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B122E55F_A187_E50B_41D0_7D98B40ACBF6.text = \ Gemini South \ Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B5CBB361_9F93_D2CF_41D6_1C6714768B1C.text = \ Gemini South Control Room \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ECAF76D_464C_60E4_41C0_3020E235B970.text = \ Gemini South Telescope Horizon HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B6E91084_9F91_EE54_41DE_7E9C7E645076.text = \ Gemini South Telescope Platform HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_35262917_5799_A75B_41D5_AAE88FAD70B9.text = \ Gemini South and SOAR HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B91DF969_9FF1_FEDC_4194_B011D6A8B21C.text = \ Gemini South and SOAR HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_56E2601F_EB7D_4C17_4189_A88F97C09680.text = \ Gemini South at Night \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_77737B6C_E9F7_5C39_41DF_A8FF0DD5F081.text = \ Large Magellanic Cloud ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F99B1705_5B13_98BD_41CD_3FA8FD9C2828.text = \ Milky Way over SOAR HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3A8B3748_4A5C_602C_41C4_812B7F1D760D.text = \ Rubin AuxTel Interior HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_01004674_5D16_9952_41C2_D5DE757B5760.text = \ Rubin Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9F646D32_8A32_2A8E_41C3_552BDDB43EBD.text = \ Rubin Interior \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B016C204_A185_BEFD_41C6_92BFCBA0CE17.text = \ Rubin Milky Way Rising HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_45C9271F_5555_3788_41C3_FB88615E2068.text = \ SOAR Interior 1 HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F9B5AE1C_5B13_E8D2_41D2_BCBD973B00CB.text = \ SOAR Interior 2 HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC36ECD7_46BC_6023_41C6_E496199D1B0E.text = \ SOAR Telescope HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6B75624E_234C_968B_41B5_BE4A5DCB9228.text = \ SOAR Telescope \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_920367B3_9D91_724C_41C5_48E8CF675355.text = \ Vera C. Rubin Observatory HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_65106236_F9DC_CC29_41D7_04BA03D020D4.text = \ ― Carina Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_93223BB5_F9FD_3C28_41C2_70EAA9037545.text = \ ― North America Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_90098F40_F9D5_5468_41E7_B26AF75E7CDB.text = \ ―Large Magellanic Cloud HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_99CEB58D_8A32_659A_41DF_7132B9887E77.text = \ Auxiliary Telescope \ \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_560D061D_E8DD_CFC9_41E4_9D349586AB99.text = Rho Ophiuchi \ cloud complex \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6F077CC0_E8CC_FCB8_41EA_FF2B0B2937B6.text = Rho Ophiuchi \ cloud complex HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_77723B71_E9F7_5C2B_41D8_AF798A7C974F.text = ― Fighting Dragon Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_927DC963_F954_DC28_41DE_A0FA12288C71.text = ― Running Chicken Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7C149BA2_EB7B_DC29_41E9_1FC2A1D1625B.text = Orion Nebula― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6D267A51_E8D4_C459_41D7_E3B049117579.text = ― Running Chicken Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_55EB7867_E8B7_4479_41B6_EAB5634CE821.text = ― Prawn Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BFCC1AE1_8A36_E591_41DF_956F538E3A48.text = │ \ Rubin Observatory HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7EF9547D_E9CF_541B_41E0_DDC8A1CD3ADC.text = │ \ Andacollo \ Light Pollution HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_75DA4F81_E9D5_34EB_41C6_CB4F01C87870.text = │ \ Coquimbo & La Serena \ Light Pollution HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7AFFA9EC_E9FF_7C39_41C4_B09010D2CE7B.text = │ \ Vicuña \ Light Pollution HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2F292632_5796_AD55_41D5_BD19254F86F0.text = Gemini South \ at Night HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_35248922_5799_A775_41C9_14598351E0EB.text = Gemini South \ at Night HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_53EFB5F0_E8B4_CC58_41DC_F87BAF75B2C3.text = Lagoon Nebula― \ Trifid Nebula― \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_52AD2C83_E94C_DCB8_41E9_FC20FD6C7EA0.text = Lobster ― \ Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_614B1ABB_568E_6554_41C8_E5B720A21E85.text = Rubin AuxTel \ Milky Way HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_1AE4DE0A_57B6_BD34_418B_7BD906020144.text = -Go To- HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4C7FE66F_5696_ADCC_41C8_DF04D277511E.text = -Go To- HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7DC1D731_55CF_7799_41CE_1CF7CD7FDE15.text = -Go To- HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B1225561_A187_E537_41BA_457F684E964B.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9F4C4463_8AF2_5A8F_41DE_0A8A71728C62.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF96605A_4A4C_602C_41A0_DFE958F69643.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AABADD2_555D_3A98_41B2_511921703948.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4DB225FF_568A_6ECC_41D2_71020FEC6929.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_872CDC97_9DA3_00EB_41B4_4374B084326A.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BA3E16FC_A38E_A70D_41DF_0111C1B00C07.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0B52A70_45CC_60FC_41A4_F6251D526A2E.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0CEDAAB9_5CF2_E9D2_41D2_43BA33946F23.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0AA2A76_45CC_60E4_41C6_54E65ACD8D95.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A2689842_866A_A492_41D1_DB140651F011.text = -Go To- \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B5E68712_A18D_E515_41DF_5A7929B413DE.text = -Go To- \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5074AFF3_EB74_D42F_41EE_1A091FDD2DD8.text = -Go To- \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_62026448_5979_AD34_41B9_BE80F14249D5.text = -Go To- \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B6E9C086_9F91_EE54_41E2_2E24CA5E8B06.text = -Go To- \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_72788F03_56CD_1779_41AE_0A380446B640.text = -Go To- \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B1433D15_9EB7_5674_41C1_4C44A5F10974.text = -Go To- \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_072ED2DE_4A4C_6024_41D1_6BCAB86868C2.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405960E5_568E_A6FC_41D0_66BCAC0B7665.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AA37DBE_555D_3A88_41CB_FF45899F7BB4.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0725C2C3_4A4C_601C_41BC_11C6EE17237F.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4DD3CFE7_55DD_76B9_41D0_26C7F30F5398.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405450EC_568E_A6CC_41C2_875EECC65819.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3AB2473B_4A5C_606C_41CA_81EFD04CE102.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9E4B11DD_5B32_BB52_41D6_158269B128FD.text = -Go To- \ \ \ \ \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_74CE7CD5_1189_BB21_4178_17C3F0DA8F8A.text = . 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HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4DD5CFE4_55DD_76BF_41D2_8E464B66F3C2.text = 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) Telescope at Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ \ The SOAR telescope is able to operate up to eight instruments, so it’s one of the most versatile of all NOIRLab’s instruments. It also has a ground-layer adaptive optics system (the SOAR Adaptive-Optics Module or SAM) to provide the best possible image quality. \ \ The telescope consists of three mirrors, the primary M1 of 4.1 meters diameter, the secondary M2 of 0.62 meters and the tertiary M3 of 0.45 meters. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6B9D8412_F9DC_CBE8_41EB_353B0E76BF60.text = Achernar ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5690225F_E94B_4449_41EB_33458DC0C433.text = Al Nair ― \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6904C3EB_F9DB_4C3F_41E4_71FC592D8085.text = Al Nair― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_66D595D7_E9CD_3417_41E8_380D76DB799E.text = Antares \ │ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_548EC357_E8CC_C459_41D5_8D155E11655F.text = Antares ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B72FDAB9_8639_A5FE_41CB_1EF957108158.text = Both the Gemini South telescope and the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope are located on Cerro Pachón, separated by only 400 meters (1300 feet). A short road connects the telescopes. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C13E1DC3_6533_ABB6_41C0_86F02BC25E78.text = Cerro Pachón Aerial View HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4DDB7001_55DD_6979_41D0_38CEBFA104B9.text = Cerro Pachón Aerial View HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4FC8C699_568A_6D54_41AE_F9FABBBB2FCC.text = Cerro Pachón Aerial View HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4C7FA676_5696_ADDC_4192_A06995108678.text = Cerro Pachón Aerial View HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B5E72711_A18D_E517_41DB_4AF13AB56526.text = Cerro Pachón Hotel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405C60E7_568E_A6FC_41BE_D1D758C39D8B.text = Cerro Pachón Hotel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_86370FF9_9D90_D1BF_41DF_7D7F06CC3591.text = Cerro Pachón Hotel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AAA3DC4_555D_3AF8_41CA_8F1765BE7261.text = Cerro Pachón Hotel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0A7CA57_45CC_6024_41BB_0E4D5562CAFA.text = Control room of Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ECA3769_464C_60EC_41BC_09D4C733AC24.text = Dome size: 56 meters high and 42 meters in diameter. \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ED48772_464C_60FC_41C0_E216572819E7.text = Each Gemini telescope has a suite of four optical and infrared imagers and spectrographs, mounted on the back of the telescope at the same time (as well as the acquisition and guidance instruments). This means that switching from one instrument to another takes only a matter of minutes to complete before being able to take data on the next science target. This is crucial to astronomy in the time domain (for example, observing a gamma-ray burst in its very earliest stages). Something like 10% of our science programs require us to ‘drop everything’ and go to a target as soon as possible. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6F270F04_E94D_5DBF_41E2_E9DD0BA386F0.text = Eagle Nebula― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_90018640_F9F4_F468_41E7_753E878C1EC8.text = Galactic Center \ ⊙ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_47FB5D70_568B_9FD4_4142_004AC14F7DD0.text = Gemini \ South Laser HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6A77CE78_EB75_3419_41E5_28F394E895B0.text = Gemini Instrument Lab \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B1430D16_9EB7_5674_41BD_84DDA2CDF7B9.text = Gemini South \ Instrument Lab \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B18CF9D4_A19E_ED1D_41E4_169BF7DDEDA0.text = Gemini South \ Telescope Horizon HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ED4C77C_464C_60E4_41C5_ECE311EDC2F4.text = Gemini South Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_1AE56E0C_57B6_BD4C_41C9_04BFEDEEDB00.text = Gemini South Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0A6EA5D_45CC_6024_41B4_73CE27658DF5.text = Gemini South Laser HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BA52E5E0_9FAF_51CC_41CA_B3E530377E7F.text = Gemini South Laser HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC412CD5_46BC_6027_41CF_032142C6B4ED.text = Gemini South Laser HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FB570AA0_6513_69F2_41C4_FB80E7E9A492.text = Gemini South Laser HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF9E907F_4A4C_60E3_41B7_8A82C2F177D1.text = Gemini South Laser HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_50741FF2_EB74_D429_41D6_BAEBF519712A.text = Gemini South Platform \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B0A1888F_A183_EB0B_41CC_D478224A7900.text = Gemini South Sculpture HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC343CDB_46BC_6023_41CE_D36965B60F01.text = Gemini South Sculpture HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_872CBC96_9DA3_00ED_41D0_C9EC6565B270.text = Gemini South Sculpture HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405B8107_568E_A73C_41C4_832C3B580033.text = Gemini South Solar Panels HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_353FE910_5799_A755_41D0_E8F025AA51D5.text = Gemini South Solar Panels HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9E4961E2_5B32_BB76_41D4_3FCE439CA445.text = Gemini South Telescope Zenith HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B2F53E1E_9E9F_D274_41C0_02B504B1D641.text = Gemini South Telescope Zenith HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_62025449_5979_AD34_41AD_DCD516EFD2CA.text = Gemini South and SOAR HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9F4DD461_8AF2_5A8B_41D0_847370A3B970.text = Gemini South at Night HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_62C16AED_5689_9ACC_41D5_196563DF8D89.text = Gemini South at Night HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_914039A1_3F67_1BBC_41CD_BFA3F96B59DB.text = In tandem with the 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pachón, a smaller telescope, the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel), has been sited on a nearby hill, a short distance away from the main observatory facility. This 1.2-meter telescope, which was donated to Rubin Observatory in 2008 by astrophysicist and entrepreneur Edgar Smith, will provide important complementary data for Rubin Observatory throughout survey operations. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0A9CA83_45CC_601C_41AA_66396F0FF4F7.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3524F931_5799_A757_41BB_B836D744210F.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC34DCE0_46BC_601D_41D1_AA4AF5FDFB8D.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_01F31FC1_465C_A01C_4198_5DC43D4A9440.text = Inside the dome there are three Air Handling Units that inject cold air into the dome in order to keep the telescope, instruments and systems cool. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_97923545_F8FB_346B_41E4_A0D8474D9476.text = Jupiter ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6D21AA4D_E8D4_C449_41C4_B1BC9C2ADBDC.text = Large Magellanic Cloud \ │ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_62F98B06_5689_9B3C_41C0_FD5E079C0C2D.text = Light pollution is the human-made alteration of outdoor light levels above those occurring naturally. When we over-light, fail to use timers and sensors, or use the wrong color of light, we can negatively affect many inhabitants of our world, including migratory birds, pollinators, sea turtles, and mammals, including humans. Light pollution is not just a problem for our precious sky heritage and a human and environmental threat, but it also threatens the remote mountaintop sites where the major world-class astronomical facilities operate. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_97193585_F8FB_F4EB_41EC_565712C2B544.text = Mars ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_072612C4_4A4C_6024_416A_F37E8CDD92EB.text = Milky Way over Pachón HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BC08F9E9_8A2B_A79E_41C3_9C31E10FDDFA.text = Milky Way over Pachón HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_81099F12_9D91_724C_41D6_18EF53729ADD.text = Milky Way over Pachón HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_62FC0AFB_5689_9AD4_4191_8B947F2486AC.text = Milky Way over SOAR HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4DDC0FEC_55DD_768F_41D0_1F9A338E064E.text = Milky Way over SOAR HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C9F70A7B_8AF9_A571_41DC_48E25F0ACD01.text = On the fourth floor of the Gemini South building sits one of the twin Gemini telescopes. The telescope stands about seven stories high from the floor. The Gemini telescopes are alt-azimuth Cassegrain-mounted reflecting telescopes. This means that the telescope rotates on its platform and can tilt down in altitude (angular distance from zenith). Combining these two motions allows the telescope to track celestial objects in the night sky. The instruments on the back of the telescope are on a mount at the Cassegrain focus on the Instrument Support Structure (ISS), which allows them to rotate so as to keep the image orientation constant as they collect light from distant objects. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6173DAA7_568E_657C_41C1_5A7B583D2339.text = Panoramic view of Rubin Observatory and the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope under the Milky Way. \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6C9B4CDD_F9D4_D418_41D3_1F9A1F80336C.text = Peacock ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5D09317D_E94D_C449_41A8_156D93C8CC9A.text = Peacock ― \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_639394C4_E9DF_346A_41D2_6521733529D0.text = Rosette Nebula― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF88705C_4A4C_6024_41BC_019B94F30F6B.text = Rubin \ Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0A9AA72_45CC_60FC_418D_8926B67E5A37.text = Rubin \ Equipment Hall HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0CF48ABF_5CF2_E9CE_41D6_BF6E195BE870.text = Rubin AuxTel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7000273D_5D16_98D2_41B2_158FD9A71A24.text = Rubin AuxTel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FEC22D11_45C7_A03C_4170_93644335ED48.text = Rubin AuxTel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7273EF1B_56CD_1789_41B8_6AB8071905D4.text = Rubin AuxTel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0AA7A78_45CC_60EC_41C1_DB4EBBD98477.text = Rubin AuxTel Interior HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3AB6373D_4A5C_6064_41AF_8F6BD8437032.text = Rubin AuxTel Milky Way HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9F323D78_8A1E_257A_41C1_DC9575C991F9.text = Rubin Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_82598791_4644_A03F_41CD_75D9627B7674.text = Rubin Control Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4CA3257B_5B33_6721_41CE_5740BF2DE1D9.text = Rubin Equipment Hall HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF918085_4A4C_6024_41D0_3FAE02C0AEEC.text = Rubin Interior HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9F1A0137_8AF6_DAF6_41E0_B0E00B312B46.text = Rubin Interior HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F1B4E15B_45C4_E023_41C2_08DB7C2E32D6.text = Rubin Interior HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2F30C628_5796_AD75_41D1_7F49EF3EC304.text = Rubin Milky Way Rising HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_71AF5CDF_5D11_E94E_41CE_DD5DBDD17EF1.text = Rubin Milky Way Rising HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_614DFAB2_568E_6554_41A7_8B89AACE58A8.text = Rubin Moon Rising HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_819F599E_9DB1_5E74_41D5_D70B9EC707A2.text = Rubin Moon Rising HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2F31B61F_5796_AD4B_41D2_4C3C8EFC9E2A.text = Rubin Observatory under the Milky Way, with the full Moon rising. \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405400ED_568E_A6CC_41C0_5D8135F36122.text = SOAR \ Telescope HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AAB9DC9_555D_3A88_41D1_3F35D9FAC758.text = SOAR \ Telescope HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_072DC2D1_4A4C_603C_41CC_D422532C49A0.text = SOAR Interior 1 HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7D39B738_55CF_7797_4180_C1BCBF47A2E2.text = SOAR Interior 2 HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_072DF2E0_4A4C_601C_4187_6EDD33076782.text = SOAR Telescope HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_45C8072E_5555_3788_41D3_DF532AF5B56C.text = SOAR Telescope HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_91A7321A_F8F4_CC19_41D5_7E333C085ECC.text = Saturn― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5C30229E_E955_44CB_41DD_46977FC4DFCA.text = Serpent's Nebula― \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6EC99206_E8D5_C7BB_41E8_5FB5A1A23C7F.text = Sh2-27 Nebula ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_786583D4_E9D5_CC69_41CA_61C93830A096.text = Sirius― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_683F969F_F9D4_F418_41D7_686B7023DC02.text = Small \ Magellanic Cloud \ ∣ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6D217A4C_E8D4_C44F_41E1_89361577CB03.text = Small Magellanic Cloud― \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_45DF66F9_5555_3688_41D4_B69FC393643E.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) Telescope was initiated by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1987. The final project development team was formed at the beginning of 1997. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_1EE36A8D_3EF8_F984_41C6_9192197B8A2C.text = The 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope is located on Cerro Pachón next to the Gemini South telescope. \ The SOAR telescope is among the foremost research facilities available to astronomers in the southern hemisphere, observing at wavelengths from optical to near-infrared, and at the same time offering both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_8DF9A8A5_9781_16BF_41BE_58601BCFFE3A.text = The 8.4-meter Simonyi Survey Telescope at Rubin Observatory features a unique three-mirror design. This gives the telescope an exceptionally wide field of view, while maintaining a compact shape that allows it to move quickly across the sky. The design and construction of Rubin Observatory took more than a decade, with contributions from hundreds of individuals around the world. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BFD38289_8A6B_A59E_41D9_DB0C99195B66.text = The Andean mountain range is host to both the Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón telescopes. The Andes run down the length of Chile, and are home to many observatories. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A70AED10_8639_DC8E_41D5_7E416854561E.text = The Cerro Pachón Hotel hosts observers and observatory staff who need to stay overnight at the summit. These guests include staff who are observing as part of the night crew or are providing engineering support, or visiting observers. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9F7BDB15_3EA9_1884_41BF_94069770AE6C.text = The Gemini South Control Room at Cerro Pachón is where all of the nightly observations took place before the telescope began remote operations in 2016. Currently most observing is done from the base facility in the AURA Recinto at La Serena, Chile. Typically two staff members operate the telescope from there. Currently the Cerro Pachón Control Room is used to support engineering maintenance tasks. On very rare occasions there are nights when the Summit Control Room is used. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_1BEA672C_22BF_9E8F_4189_0EE3DB5567BD.text = The Gemini South telescope is located on Cerro Pachón, where very dry air and negligible cloud cover make this a prime telescope location. Gemini South is the southern twin of the International Gemini Observatory. It was designed to excel across a wide variety of optical and infrared capabilities by using protected silver-coated mirrors. By incorporating technologies such as laser guide star adaptive optics and multi-object spectroscopy, astronomers in the Gemini partnership explore the Universe in unprecedented depth and detail. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC418CD3_46BC_6023_41C1_CAFC9275843E.text = The Gemini South telescope on Cerro Pachón, with the solar panels and DIMM3 Seeing Monitor visible. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405D60E0_568E_A6F4_41CC_8D22374660D6.text = The Gemini South telescope sits between the Rubin Observatory and dining-hotel area, and the SOAR Telescope in Cerro Pachón. \ \ Typical vegetation such as Bailahuén and Sandillón cactus are seen in the foreground. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_353C890A_5799_A735_41D2_C7A3C72F27F5.text = The Gemini South telescope sometimes deploys the laser of the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System, which allows astronomers to obtain the sharpest images of the Universe from the ground. \ \ Gemini Observatory consists of twin telescopes, one in each hemisphere, providing astronomers with access to the entire sky. \ \ Both telescopes are equipped with some of the most advanced adaptive optics systems to explore the entire night sky. \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5ECAC76A_464C_60ED_41C1_23243E3E42DA.text = The Gemini South telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory is composed of an 8.1-meter silver-coated primary mirror and a suite of up to five instruments. The dome has two vent gates that open to minimize air turbulence over the primary mirror before its nightly operations. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A7B95308_863B_A49E_41D8_BB0767DA7E73.text = The Gemini international partnership includes the United States, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Korea. These participants and the University of Hawai‘i, which has regular access to Gemini, each maintain a National Gemini Office to support their local users. \ Any astronomer in these countries can apply for Gemini time, which is allocated in proportion to each participant’s level of support. \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_63F743AB_234C_B589_41B5_7A8B7378DB37.text = The Instrument Lab at the Gemini South telescope is the room where new instruments arrive in order to prepare for commissioning before starting operations. The room also provides a clean area where engineers can work on specific tasks, including optics and engineering maintenance operations. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_62C43AE1_5689_9AF4_41C5_B6DE9EA00E45.text = The Milky Way over the SOAR and Gemini South telescopes along with the Magellanic Clouds with a little bit of light pollution coming from the La Serena and Coquimbo areas. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A4697DB7_862B_DFF2_41C2_6023A9A06274.text = The Moon \ │ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5EA6E8E2_E8CC_C47B_41E3_706EEDB2E463.text = The Moon ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_82404778_4644_A0ED_41A6_4DB0D49320F2.text = The Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel) works by repeatedly observing a small set of well-known, bright stars and measuring how their colors change when they pass through the atmosphere. Scientists use these measurements to essentially ‘color-correct’ images taken by Rubin Observatory. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AACCDBB_555D_3A88_41A2_5DC74D0C436D.text = The location of Rubin Observatory's facility takes advantage of the topography of the El Peñón summit on Cerro Pachón. The domed telescope enclosure sits on the highest and largest peak, and the service building rests on a slightly lower area farther to the east. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF8A704C_4A4C_6024_415B_87EA88CAD810.text = The maintenance and equipment hall, on the third level of Vera C. Rubin Observatory. This space is currently being used to store pieces of equipment that will soon be installed on the telescope. During operations, the space will be used for maintenance activities such as mirror washing and recoating. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4DDC0FFB_55DD_7689_41B8_CE59DC60DCA6.text = The weather tower seen here contains a weather station, sensors and a webcam. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_0724D2BC_4A4C_6064_41BA_A681092AA0AC.text = This image shows the Milky Way and the SOAR telescope at Cerro Pachón, while an assistant observer checks the site. In the image you can also see the Gemini South Laser propagation, as well as the Large and Small Magellanic clouds. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9173B011_F8FC_CBEB_41E6_C89211D20945.text = Venus ― HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_61628319_569A_6B54_41C5_2AD576A36629.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405A80FA_568E_A6D4_41C1_826D1BB8351A.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3A8BE761_4A5C_601C_41B1_C34403378BC5.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A2682841_866A_A48E_41C1_BEA396BFCEF1.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AAB4DD6_555D_3A98_41D4_67FF9E68D60E.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B31948AD_A186_AB0F_41D3_7DC31E01F0A3.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory will conduct an unprecedented, decade-long survey of the southern night sky to help us understand more about the nature of dark matter and dark energy, catalog the Solar System, explore the changing sky, and learn more about the Milky Way’s structure and formation. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3AB83727_4A5C_6064_41C3_C9455E3A6EB9.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which includes the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope and other supporting structures. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BA31E6FB_A38E_A70B_41C0_B17E37FDA662.text = Vera C. Rubin Observatory1 HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_AB7B0F76_8A16_2689_41B7_577ABEE404E1.text = Virtual Reality walk-through Rubin Observatory during its construction \ (3 minutes) HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BAA9F063_9781_15BB_41D2_26666886F0A2.text = Welcome to \ Cerro Pachón, Chile. \ The summit of Cerro Pachón is located 10 kilometers (6 miles) southeast of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). It is an isolated and remote location that is very dry. However, it hosts a variety of plants and animal species. It is common to see foxes in the mountains, as well as chinchillas (rodents slightly larger and more robust than ground squirrels, that are native to the Andean mountains in South America). HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5011B35D_E957_4449_41E7_F40D0A36D245.text = —Airglow— \ The dark skies over Cerro Pachón allow the airglow to be visible. Airglow is an optical phenomenon caused when upper atmosphere gasses are ionized by the Sun during the day and other processes. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_ACD633F1_862A_AB8E_41DC_9AE75AD24221.text = —Airglow— \ The dark skies over Cerro Pachón allow the airglow to be visible. Airglow is an optical phenomenon caused when upper atmosphere gasses are ionized by the Sun during the day and other processes. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A7BBF2B8_8637_E5FE_41D8_62475D0AE06C.text = —Animals— \ Goats, cows, and even horses may also be seen at the summit. During the summer, local herders bring cattle to the mountains, looking for grazing for their animals. \ During times of drought, the normally shy pumas venture along the paths built by humans in search of the scarce food available in the heights. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_825E078B_4644_A023_41CD_7D7E98FB811A.text = —AuxTel— \ The AuxTel was originally named Calypso, and it was located on Kitt Peak near Tucson, Arizona, in the US. After it was donated to the Rubin project by Edgar Smith, it was removed from Kitt Peak, refurbished, and sent to Chile. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C96A65FD_8A16_AF71_41A6_24911ADF7267.text = —Azimuth Platform— \ The telescope structure is 21.7 meters (71.2 feet) tall — seven stories from the observing floor — and weighs 418 tons. The telescope is supported by an alt-azimuth mount (a two-axis mount) and it rests on a hydrostatic bearing with so little friction that the telescope can be moved with one hand. \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_405520FC_568E_A6CC_41A1_ED3746FB3EF4.text = —Bald Eagle sign— \ Carlos Figueroa, a mechanical technician at Gemini South, created a sculpture of a bald eagle as a present to commemorate Gemini’s stone-laying ceremony. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF9FB074_4A4C_60E5_41C6_63EA06A0FC87.text = —Camera surrogate— \ This steel replica of the camera will be installed on the telescope mount for testing activities, in advance of the real 3200-megapixel camera. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2F36B63F_5796_AD4B_41D0_4CA353D01EE8.text = —Cerro Pachón— \ Rubin Observatory sits on Cerro Pachón. With its existing infrastructure, access to fiber optic links, and large number of clear nights each year, Cerro Pachón is an ideal site for a revolutionary facility like Rubin Observatory. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_072E62DB_4A4C_602C_41B2_0843CCBF008E.text = —Characteristics of the dome— \ The SOAR dome is 20 meters in diameter, less than half of the size of the Gemini South dome which is 56 meters high and 42 meters in diameter. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9A50AF58_8A12_26B9_41CF_E0161791575A.text = —Clean rooms— \ Astronomical instruments are complicated pieces of equipment that can contain hundreds of parts. Many of them are delicate devices that need extreme care when handling. These clean rooms provide clean environments for engineers to work on with these extremely high-precision instruments. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF968058_4A4C_602C_41A3_174F9BCFA01D.text = —Coating chamber— \ Both the 8.4-meter primary/tertiary mirror and the 2.3-meter secondary mirrors will be coated using this chamber. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AAB1DD8_555D_3A88_41D4_2B0E5AB58CF5.text = —Construction Crane— \ The Vera C. Rubin Observatory construction at Cerro Pachón started in 2015, after the stone-laying ceremony that was attended by the then President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_19D41E65_4ADC_60E7_41AE_2A2AE2F8F306.text = —DIMM tower— \ The Differential Image Motion Monitor monitors turbulence in the atmosphere above the observatory. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC348CDE_46BC_6025_41CA_56F52F2C1145.text = —DIMM— \ One of two DIMMs on Cerro Pachón. It is an automatic seeing monitor to provide atmospheric seeing information for users of the telescope. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9C17853B_8A16_3AFF_41D8_B62D43485583.text = —Data Network— \ Dedicated computer facilities will process Rubin Observatory data in real time and will generate approximately 20 terabytes of data per night. During its ten-year survey it will produce a 15 petabyte catalog database. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B16EC6AC_9EBF_D255_41DB_75E9D7B61681.text = —Data center— \ Each summit facility has a bank of servers where the data collected by the telescope are stored. \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A76389FF_8617_A771_41D6_87B4960F555F.text = —Environment— \ NOIRLab sites take steps to protect wildlife and the natural landscape from disturbances that could be caused by visitors and staff. Actions like moving and replanting endemic cactus species, bird deterrents to protect them from energized cables, signs instructing visitors not to feed or bother wildlife, are all part of the environmental protection plan. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_74E316EC_E955_D439_41EC_9B5863EAC5C1.text = —Gegenschein— \ Click here for more info HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B0CE1462_8629_EC92_41D0_9CA72932D3B9.text = —Gemini South— \ The Gemini South telescope is one of the twin Gemini telescopes, and provides a complete view of the night sky’s southern hemisphere. The Gemini telescopes are optimized for infrared observing, with protective silver coatings on their mirrors, and have flexible observing modes and five instruments mounted and ready for use, allowing them to make the most of the night sky in even very poor weather conditions. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_62FFBB09_5689_9B37_41B3_4A382E11E208.text = —Green sky glow— \ Here you can see a prominent green sky, The green airglow is caused by molecular oxygen which is excited by daytime ultraviolet radiation and then emits a faint glow at night as the oxygen molecules transition to a lower energy state. The glow is remotely related to aurorae, but is much fainter and is excited by ultraviolet radiation rather than by solar wind particles. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9AC0FDB3_8A16_258F_41E0_8B71A49A29AE.text = —Instrument flexure rig— \ Instruments are put through their paces and fully tested in all possible orientations before being mounted on the telescope. In this way the staff working on the instruments can check how each system will work in normal operational positions. This is called a flexure rig. There is a flexure rig at the base facility as well. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9F194A18_8A0E_2EB9_41D7_14AEDF4B635C.text = —LSST Camera— \ A team of engineers and technicians at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory constructed the LSST Camera, the largest digital camera ever built for astronomy. The camera is roughly the size of a small car and weighs almost 2800 kilograms. \ \ The focal plane consists of 189 charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors totalling 3200 megapixels. \ \ Every night, Rubin Observatory’s intricate data network will move 20 terabytes of data from the summit of Cerro Pachón in Chile to the US Data Facility and then to other data processing facilities around the world. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7E8CD49E_E8B4_F419_4182_6EE8164003A0.text = —Laser Guide Star Propagation— \ Click here for more info HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_BD1ACA6D_8A1B_E496_41DD_AE0D748CB493.text = —Light pollution— \ Although Gemini South and SOAR are located in remote locations in the Chilean Andes, a long-exposure photograph is able to capture the light pollution coming from nearby cities such as Vicuña, Ovalle, Andacollo and the La Serena-Coquimbo area. This problem is getting worse with time, which is bad for people, animals, and astronomy. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_35245929_5799_A777_4171_2F43EF517249.text = —MCAO— \ The Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) at the Gemini South telescope on Cerro Pachón was the first sodium-based multilaser guide star (LGS) adaptive optics system. It uses five LGSs and two deformable mirrors to measure and compensate for image distortions caused by the atmosphere. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_ADD62043_8639_6492_41DA_16AE6312F578.text = —Magellanic Clouds— \ The bright ‘clouds’ over the horizon are actually the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, a couple of irregular dwarf galaxies in the southern celestial hemisphere. Orbiting the Milky Way, these satellite galaxies are members of the Local Group. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_AF6544B2_862B_ADF2_41E0_94F291DCE426.text = —Milky Way— \ The Milky Way, our galaxy, arches gracefully over the Gemini South telescope. \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_33B3557B_5699_EFD4_41C3_A2685B37ED72.text = —Moon Rising— \ While a full Moon is great for allowing human eyes to see at night it is not ideal for astronomical observations. On Moonlit nights observations are limited to infrared wavelengths or engineering tasks, that do not require dark, Moonless time. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0A87A79_45CC_60EC_41C9_4BE232994A00.text = —Observing Stations— \ Observing specialists can control and view data from both the Simonyi Survey Telescope (the main telescope) and the Rubin Auxiliary Telescope from this room. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C8869A99_8A1F_A5B1_41BD_B42F9CC955A8.text = —Observing dome— \ The Gemini South dome is 46 meters (151 feet or 15 stories) high and weighs 600 US tons. During observations the observing slit will slide open to allow light to be collected by the 8.1-meter primary mirror. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_765F616C_4644_60E5_41C5_010909EFA899.text = —Observing slit/dome— \ The Gemini South dome is 46 meters (151 feet or 15 stories) high and weighs 600 US tons. During observations the observing slit will slide open to allow light to be collected by the 8.1-meter primary mirror. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_F0A82A6B_45CC_60EC_41B8_6F288D219C92.text = —Offices— \ A variety of staff members spend their workdays on the summit, riding the bus from the base facility in La Serena. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C0BA45B3_8A16_EFF2_41B3_9880668427D6.text = —Operator— \ When operating from the summit, the Science Operations Specialist monitors the queue plan for the night at this station and adapts it depending on the nighttime conditions. Gemini operates primarily in what is called queue mode which implements plans that depend upon sky conditions, humidity, wind, and many other factors. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C1486674_5B17_7952_41D3_9388D4C3E0D1.text = —Partnership— \ SOAR is a joint project of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações do Brasil (MCTIC/LNA), NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and Michigan State University(MSU). HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_45C87731_5555_3798_41C6_8E5CFB492744.text = —Partnership— \ SOAR is a joint project of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações do Brasil (MCTIC/LNA), NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and Michigan State University(MSU). HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C91BFACF_8A3B_E591_41DC_C81729DF82E0.text = —Primary Mirror— \ The 8.1-meter primary mirrors of the Gemini telescopes are coated with a thin layer of silver to provide exceptional observations at wavelengths from optical to mid-infrared. This layer has a thickness between one thousandth and one ten-thousandth of the thickness of a human hair. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_DF9EF07A_4A4C_60ED_41CE_C41BE3A623CD.text = —Primary/tertiary mirror cell— \ This is the steel support structure for the telescope’s primary/tertiary mirror. It will be integrated with the glass mirror, and then the whole assembly will be installed on the telescope mount. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_45CF5722_5555_37B8_41D3_0A1C8B267ADA.text = —Research— \ The SOAR Telescope is among the foremost research facilities available to astronomers in the southern hemisphere, producing the best image quality at wavelengths from optical to near-infrared, and at the same time offering both imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3A8DB758_4A5C_602C_41B6_2929DE92EC24.text = —Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel)— \ Each night, while Rubin Observatory surveys the sky, the AuxTel will repeatedly observe a small set of bright stars. Inside the AuxTel a device called a spectrograph separates the light from each of these stars into its component wavelengths (i.e., colors) and records the results. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_61468AC6_568E_653C_41D0_55F8A215E5F3.text = —Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel)— \ The Rubin Auxiliary Telescope (AuxTel) sits on a hilltop near Rubin Observatory. This 1.2-meter telescope improves the accuracy of Rubin data by measuring atmospheric transmission. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9E5B3746_8A12_E696_41CB_1AD04109A699.text = —Rubin Auxiliary Telescope goals— \ The telescope will measure the spectra of stars to determine the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the light from astronomical objects. \ \ Data collected by the AuxTel will inform the catalog corrections that need to be made to Rubin Observatory data in order to render them more accurate. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_614B4ACA_568E_6534_41D4_CBC6B9FADD83.text = —Rubin Observatory— \ Every night for a decade, Rubin Observatory will take images of the sky using a 3200-megapixel camera and six different optical filters. Each image covers an area as big as 40 full Moons, and the giant 8.4-meter telescope can move to a new position in less than five seconds. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9C86A09A_8A1D_DBBF_41D4_4DE2E2D311E4.text = —Rubin Seeing Monitor— \ The goal of the Rubin Seeing Monitor is to provide precise information about the atmospheric seeing at Vera C. Rubin Observatory — right at the time of the observations. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9830A501_8A72_3A8A_41C9_AD9BA0C13071.text = —Rubin dome— \ Rubin’s dome and telescope are controlled independently, so they can work in a complementary way without having to mirror each other’s exact movements. The telescope takes images of several different places in the sky through the opening of the dome while the dome moves more slowly along its track. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_AA2E36ED_863A_ED96_41C0_D6947FE1BCC7.text = —SOAR— \ The Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope is a 4.1-meter telescope designed to work at wavelengths from the atmospheric cutoff in the blue (320 nanometers) to the near-infrared. It has excellent image quality, fast slewing and a suite of up to nine instruments mounted ready for use. SOAR has been designed to produce the sharpest images possible with any ground-based telescope. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_C70874F1_8A2A_AD71_41CF_A025F63FB681.text = —Science Operations Specialist— \ When operating from the summit, a Science Operations Specialist sits at this station and monitors the telescope and instrumentation. Each Gemini telescope has five ports fed by the light from the primary mirror. Depending on the nature of the data requested by scientists, instruments can be switched as necessary. \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_CA14B94A_8A29_6493_41D3_F8B0A6DE68F8.text = —Secondary mirror— \ Gemini’s secondary mirror is about one meter across. Light from the primary mirror is reflected onto the secondary mirror and then back through a hole in the primary to the Cassegrain cluster, where it is directed into a waiting science instrument. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_FC397CD9_46BC_602F_41B2_C7D3760EAE0E.text = —Solar Panels— \ Photovoltaic panels provide around 20% of the energy needed to operate the telescope. \ \ In recent years many NOIRLab observatories, and those of our partners, have streamlined their nighttime operations and reduced their summit footprints by means of remote observing and, increasingly, automation. This minimizes operating costs and brings the observatories into better harmony with their natural surroundings. Solar power supported by local battery storage, and supplemented by green grid power as needed, can reduce NOIRLab’s CO2 footprint. The aim is to reduce NOIRLab’s annual carbon footprint by 50% of 2019 levels by the end of 2027. For more information see our Sustainability program. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_A73F713B_8629_64F2_41D8_AE566835010A.text = —Springtime— \ When spring arrives, large Condors are often seen flying over the telescope domes. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_072872E4_4A4C_61E4_41A2_6528682BC03A.text = —Support Staff— \ The SOAR telescope has observing and technical support night staff working in the telescope on a 7x7 shift (7 days on the mountain and 7 days off). Some other engineering and technical support staff are available on call. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_B53C274D_A18E_E50E_41E2_9EA8CA506B40.text = —Support building— \ The low, ~3000-square-meter (~32,000-square-foot)building that extends out from the telescope enclosure houses the support systems (e.g., electric, heating and cooling)that are necessary for the operation and maintenance of the telescope and camera. There is also a dedicated service floor, where special equipment is stored and routine maintenance tasks can be performed. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_2F2BA637_5796_AD5B_41D1_F642056FBD2C.text = —Survey— \ In its first ten years of operations, Rubin Observatory will conduct the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), capturing about 1000 images of the sky every night. Each image will cover a 9.6-square-degree field of view, or about 40 times the area of the full Moon. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_61448ABE_568E_654C_41CE_18FCD789CE1D.text = —Survey— \ In its first ten years of operations, Rubin Observatory will conduct the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), capturing about 1000 images of the sky every night. Each image will cover a 9.6-square-degree field of view, or about 40 times the area of the full Moon. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7649028D_23C4_B789_41BF_9CA2FAF8B47C.text = —Vent Gates— \ These vent gates open up to about three stories tall to allow the outside air to flow over the mirror in a smooth flow, keeping temperatures constant for the sharpest imaging. Each side is independent of the other, giving operators fine control over how much outside air passes through the dome. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_4AAB3DCB_555D_3A88_41CE_C0DBAEBACAB1.text = —Vera C. Rubin Observatory— \ Rubin Observatory is not just a telescope; it’s a complex, integrated system consisting of an 8.4-meter wide-field ground-based telescope, a 3200-megapixel camera, an automated data processing system, and an online public engagement platform. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_3A8B874D_4A5C_6024_41C3_B0CA52B8CD59.text = —Vera C. Rubin Observatory— \ Rubin’s 2500-square-meter (27,000-square-foot) building houses many complex support systems necessary for the operation and maintenance of the telescope and camera. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_150B92BE_3EEF_0984_41C7_4AD0D333404C.text = —Zodiacal Light— \ Over the horizon a delicate band of zodiacal light extends through the sky. The zodiacal light is the faint glow of diffuse sunlight scattered by interplanetary dust. \ Click Here for more info. HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6810A2DF_E8FC_C449_41EB_236985DECCC3.text = ― Alpha Centauri HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6CABAB65_F955_5C2B_41D0_CE731DAC6AB2.text = ― Alpha Centauri HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6EC856FA_F9F5_3419_41E3_3102631D3836.text = ― Altair HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_51794A7F_E95F_C448_41E8_7398AE1AF218.text = ― Arcturus HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6B3138D4_F957_5C69_41DB_2F4D72ACD164.text = ― Arcturus HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_67B999EB_E9D5_FC3F_41BD_FA26B8E589CC.text = ― Arcturus HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7F44A8B3_EB7F_DC2F_41D0_7A07CB5CBB0F.text = ― Barnard's Loop \ \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7F68B950_E9DC_FC69_41E2_1EA858D84110.text = ― Betelgeuse HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_61586990_E9D5_5CE9_41E2_E6772DD85532.text = ― Canopus HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6D263A50_E8D4_C457_41CA_E1E6A0F900AA.text = ― Carina Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7773EB6F_E9F7_5C37_41E2_7E86F4D1A8DD.text = ― Carina Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5024A6AA_E8B4_CCCB_418B_2DD6F06202F3.text = ― Cat's Paw Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_936EB06E_F9D5_4C39_41E3_7006A80D0AA3.text = ― Fomalhaut HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_549C43F9_E8D5_C449_41A8_7817FF4E9845.text = ― Gum Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_56597C1F_E8D5_43C9_41CC_F0258E2C1808.text = ― Gum Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_91AD97C8_F9DD_3479_41E7_1E3A95B76189.text = ― Hadar HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6D21EA4E_E8D4_C44B_4164_A145A99943E8.text = ― Hadar HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_77732B6D_E9F7_5C3B_41EB_F2E796EC96F0.text = ― Hadar HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6FB363AF_E95B_44C8_41EB_258D4373631F.text = ― Omega Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_63DE409E_E9B7_4C19_41E2_5D574B5DA055.text = ― Regulus HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7773BB70_E9F7_5C29_41E2_A4C585DB8026.text = ― Running Chicken Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_687F794E_F9FB_7C79_41CD_53C36D7DA438.text = ― SOAR Telescope HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_932F24D4_F9CD_F469_41B5_110F33DCEA6E.text = ― Sadr Region HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5482CAFF_E8CD_4449_41E0_FFF6B8736CF1.text = ― Seagull Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7770DB6B_E9F7_5C3F_41ED_FD6AF32058C4.text = ― Small Magellanic Cloud \ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_657B5763_E9CD_342F_41E6_AA9F7330CDAD.text = ― Spica HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5332126D_E95B_C449_41C0_8D2924E92C35.text = ― Spica HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_9823F9F0_8A12_ED89_41D4_DA93750A1DB2.text = ― The Moon HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_91476058_F9F5_4C19_41D6_54D5A74CBD86.text = ― Vega HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_66D002C3_E9DD_4C6F_41A2_E50FE824D038.text = ―Procyon HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_66526E00_EB55_57E9_41EA_84F4EC7A4A00.text = ―Sh2-27 Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_98B60695_8A0E_278A_41C6_0511E1758428.text = │ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_998BB5BB_8A0D_E5FE_41C8_69506C49B7DB.text = │ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_453E0FFF_568A_9ACC_41D0_52F8A6CEA1C3.text = │ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_7EAA5DB4_E9BB_5429_41EB_0BE9245AA741.text = │ \ Beehive Star Cluster HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_766A9EF5_EB75_542B_41D5_F6187A03A92F.text = │ \ Rigel HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6EC96209_E8D5_C7C9_41E2_C894952BEC6A.text = ◯ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_5427C053_E8DD_C458_41A0_D7EB8A52B816.text = ◯ HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6D264A52_E8D4_C45B_41E8_3BC6727ED1B5.text = ︳ \ Alpha Centauri HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6F961D20_E8BD_DDF7_41E4_07F4378CD03D.text = ︳ \ Fighting Dragon Nebula HotspotPanoramaOverlayTextImage_6EC93207_E8D5_C7B9_41E5_31092861CF0F.text = ︳ \ Antares \ ### Tooltip HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_BDEBBABC_8A29_65F6_41E0_6B937805BDAF.toolTip = Click here to learn about the Gegenschein HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C9069A83_8A16_E592_41D7_AB779B8CC11F.toolTip = GeMS GSAOI instrument HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_0635149D_26C4_9389_41A4_36BB2363F248.toolTip = Info about Laser Guide Star HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_9307E29E_FB4D_4C19_41D0_832966AF1234.toolTip = Open Community Science & Data Center program webpage HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C4F80E0A_8DEE_BC92_41C1_A7CCDFC1D507.toolTip = Open Gemini North Infrared View of Jupiter webpage HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_3C1760CF_5F13_794E_41D0_4DC6C7975F77.toolTip = Open Gemini Observatory program webpage HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_CC62D099_8A6A_A5BE_41DE_30EF76595A80.toolTip = Platform lift HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C0436A43_8DEB_6491_41CB_0080921CC33F.toolTip = Play video of Gemini South observing HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C005575B_8A3A_ACB1_41BB_2E0DB2F9E490.toolTip = Summit live cameras HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_51D95F66_E9D5_5C7B_41CC_FA30A85A6748.toolTip = Take a peek at the inner workings of the Gemini South during observation ## Media ### 360 Video ### Floorplan ### Image 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The Gemini South laser guide star system is a subsystem of the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System. The laser creates five laser guide stars by interacting with atoms of sodium in the upper atmosphere, at an altitude of around 80 kilometers (50 miles). A wavefront sensor located on an optical bench, calculates how the atmosphere is distorting the light from these laser guide stars hundreds of times a second. With that information, a group of deformable mirrors on the optical bench compensates for that distortion. It’s almost like creating a hole through Earth’s atmosphere!
Credit:
International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA
Download & More Info
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The Gemini South laser guide star system is a subsystem of the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System. The laser creates five laser guide stars by interacting with atoms of sodium in the upper atmosphere, at an altitude of around 80 kilometers (50 miles). A wavefront sensor located on an optical bench, calculates the distortion of the light from these laser guide stars hundreds of times a second. With that information, a group of deformable mirrors on the optical bench compensates for that distortion. It’s almost like creating a hole through Earth’s atmosphere!
Credit:
International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA
Download & More Info
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The Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) uses the Gemini South Adaptive Optics (GSAOI) instrument to correct for image distortion caused by our atmosphere.
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This equipment is used to move the primary mirror down to the coating chamber on the first floor during the recoating of the mirror (done on a five year cadence under optimal conditions). Gemini is unique in that it has the technology to coat the mirror with protected silver which is ideal for infrared observations while still performing well at visible wavelengths.
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These cameras allow the staff to check on systems and make sure that everything is in a safe state.
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NSF’s NOIRLab
Virtual Tour v2.0



Last Updated: 30 September, 2023



Communications, Education & Engagement


Project Lead:
Joy Pollard


Design & Development:
Mahdi Zamani


Photography:
Petr Horálek
Tomáš Slovinský
Theofanis Matsopoulos
Joy Pollard
Peter Michaud


Technical Support:
Mark Newhouse


Content Support:
Joy Pollard
Leonor Opazo
Robert Sparks
Kristen Metzger
Manuel Paredes
Andy Adamson
Peter Michaud
Ranpal Gill
Peter Marenfeld
Daniel Munizaga
Emily Peavy
Lars Lindberg Christensen


Color Correction:
Maral Kosari
Amirreza Kamkar


Map Design:
Peter Marenfeld


Text Editing:
Peter Grimley


Web Support:
Enciso Systems


Spanish Translation:
Carolina Vargas


Spanish Proofreading:
Leonor Opazo
Manuel Paredes


Executive Producer:
Lars Lindberg Christensen


Additional Support:
Jupiter Sax


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Powered by 3DVista


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A special thank-you to the NOIRLab staff in all locations for their support of the photo expedition and for beta-testing the virtual tours.


Maunakea
The staff and researchers who use the Gemini North telescope in Hawai‘i are honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on Maunakea in Hawai‘i. We recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that Maunakea has to the Native Hawaiian community.


Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón
The staff and researchers are honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on Cerro Pachón and Cerro Tololo. We recognize and acknowledge the significant cultural role that Cerro Tololo/Pachón has to the communities in Chile.


Kitt Peak
Kitt Peak National Observatory sits atop I’oligam Du’ag. Astronomers are honored to be permitted to conduct scientific research on I’oligam Du’ag (Manzanita Bush Mountain), in the homeland of the Tohono O’odham Nation. We honor their past, present, and future generations, who have lived here for time immemorial and will forever call this place home.








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NSF’s NOIRLab
Virtual Tour v2.0


Last Updated: 30 September, 2023



Communications, Education & Engagement


Project Lead:
Joy Pollard


Design & Development:
Mahdi Zamani


Photography:
Petr Horálek
Tomáš Slovinský
Theofanis Matsopoulos
Joy Pollard
Peter Michaud


Technical Support:
Mark Newhouse


Content Support:
Joy Pollard
Leonor Opazo
Robert Sparks
Kristen Metzger
Manuel Paredes
Andy Adamson
Peter Michaud
Ranpal Gill
Peter Marenfeld
Daniel Munizaga
Emily Peavy
Lars Lindberg Christensen


Color Correction:
Maral Kosari
Amirreza Kamkar


Map Design:
Peter Marenfeld


Text Editing:
Peter Grimley


Web Support:
Enciso Systems


Spanish Translation:
Carolina Vargas


Spanish Proofreading:
Leonor Opazo
Manuel Paredes


Executive Producer:
Lars Lindberg Christensen


Additional Support:
Jupiter Sax



━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━


Powered by 3DVista


━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━



A special thank-you to the NOIRLab staff in all locations for their support of the photo expedition and for beta-testing the virtual tours.


Maunakea
The staff and researchers who use the Gemini North telescope in Hawai‘i are honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on Maunakea in Hawai‘i. We recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that Maunakea has to the Native Hawaiian community.


Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón
The staff and researchers are honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on Cerro Pachón and Cerro Tololo. We recognize and acknowledge the significant cultural role that Cerro Tololo/Pachón has to the communities in Chile.


Kitt Peak
Kitt Peak National Observatory sits atop I’oligam Du’ag. Astronomers are honored to be permitted to conduct scientific research on I’oligam Du’ag (Manzanita Bush Mountain), in the homeland of the Tohono O’odham Nation. We honor their past, present, and future generations, who have lived here for time immemorial and will forever call this place home.




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Click on the logos
for a simple view
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━━━ Click to see
Panorama List
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