Dark Energy Camera Snaps Deepest Photo yet of Galactic Siblings

A treasure trove of data from the SMASH survey unveils the Magellanic Clouds in exquisite detail

1 December 2020

Images from the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH) reveal a striking family portrait of our galactic neighbors — the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The images represent a portion of the second data release from the deepest, most extensive survey of the Magellanic Clouds. The observations consist of roughly 4 billion measurements of 360 million objects.

A sprawling portrait of two astronomical galactic neighbors presents a new perspective on the swirls of stars, gas, and dust making up the nearby dwarf galaxies known as the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds — a pair of dwarf satellite galaxies to our Milky Way [1]. While this isn’t the first survey to map these nearby cosmic siblings — the Survey of the Magellanic Stellar History (SMASH) is the most extensive survey yet. 

The international team of astronomers responsible for the observations used the 570-megapixel high-performance Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile. These data are now available to astronomers worldwide through Astro Data Lab at NOIRLab’s Community Science and Data Center (CSDC). CTIO and CSDC are both Programs of NSF’s NOIRLab. 

“To date, this is the deepest and most extensive astronomical dataset of the Magellanic Clouds, which are the closest large galaxies to us,” explains David Nidever, Assistant Professor in the Physics Department at Montana State University and Principal Investigator of the SMASH survey. “These satellite galaxies have been studied for decades, but SMASH is being used to map out their structure over their full, enormous extent and help solve the mystery of their formation.”

The complete SMASH survey, which includes the view shown in these images, covers an area 2,400 times greater than the full Moon, and required about 50 nights of specialized observations. This second data release contains new data from DOE-built DECam on the central and most complex regions of the Magellanic Clouds. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are the largest satellite galaxies of the Milky Way and, unlike the rest of the satellite galaxies, are still actively forming stars — and at a rapid pace.

Though large numbers of dwarf galaxies such as the Magellanic Clouds populate the Universe, the vast majority are too faint and distant for astronomers to study. Having the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as neighbors provides astronomers with a unique opportunity to investigate the formation and evolution of small galaxies — but also poses a challenge.

As the Magellanic Clouds are so close to the Milky Way, they sprawl across a large area of the sky, making it challenging to map their full extent. DECam’s huge field of view allowed astronomers to capture details within some of the most interesting regions of these dwarf galaxies.

The SMASH team are using their deep dataset to study the history of star formation across both of these galaxies. They have uncovered evidence that the pair of galaxies have collided with each other in the recent past and that this sparked the recent episode of intense star formation.

“These are beautiful multicolor images of the Milky Way’s nearest neighboring galaxies. Through the care the dedicated team has taken, they give us a remarkable view of the thirteen billion year history of star formation in these galaxies,” notes National Science Foundation program officer Glen Langston. 

One of the team’s long-term goals is to use the information they have obtained about the history of star formation to create a “movie” of how these galaxies evolved over time. Other topics that the SMASH team hope astronomers will explore include searching for star clusters with the help of citizen scientists and measuring the metal content of stars in the Magellanic Clouds.

“These latest SMASH data of the central regions of the Magellanic Clouds, where most of the stars are found, are unique in their combined depth, breadth, and uniformity,” Knut Olsen, NOIRLab scientist and survey co-leader explains. “Besides producing amazing images, these data allow us to look into the past and reconstruct how the Magellanic Clouds formed their stars over time; with these 'movies' of star formation we can try to understand how and why these galaxies evolved.”

This second dataset from the SMASH survey will be made available to the astronomical community jointly through Astro Data Lab, which serves the tables of measurements, and the Astro Data Archive, which serves the images, allowing researchers from all over the world to delve into the history of the Magellanic Clouds. 

Adam Bolton, Director of CSDC, explains, “As a modern astronomy research lab, NOIRLab provides both the observing platform for teams of scientists to conduct ambitious surveys like SMASH, and the data-science platform for the entire astronomical community to exploit the resulting data products for new discoveries.”

“We’re just getting started,” comments David Nidever. “Data from the SMASH survey have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the stars making up the Magellanic Clouds.’”

Notes

[1] Though the masses of these dwarf galaxies are enormous — the Large Magellanic Cloud alone has a mass 10 billion times greater than the Sun’s — they are galactic small fry compared to the Milky Way, which is roughly ten times more massive than the Large Magellanic Cloud.

More information

This research will be presented in the paper The Second Data Release of the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History, in the Astronomical Journal.

The SMASH team is composed of David Nidever (Montana State University and NSF’s NOIRLab), Knut Olsen (NSF’s NOIRLab), Yumi Choi (Space Telescope Science Institute, Montana State University and University of Arizona), Tomas Ruiz-Lara (University of Groningen, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Universidad de La Laguna), Amy Miller (University of Potsdam and Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP) and Montana State University), L. Clifton Johnson (Northwestern University), Cameron P. M. Bell (AIP), Robert D. Blum (Vera C. Rubin Observatory), Maria-Rosa Cioni (AIP), Carme Gallart (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Universidad de La Laguna), Steven R. Majewski (University of Virginia), Nicolas F Martin (University of Strasbourg and Max Planck Institute for Astronomy), Pol Massana (University of Surrey), Antonela Monachesi (University of La Serena), Noelia E. D. Noël (University of Surrey), Joanna D. Sakowska (University of Surrey), Roeland P. van der Marel (Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University), Alistair R. Walker (NSF’s NOIRLab/CTIO), Dennis Zaritsky (University of Arizona), Eric F. Bell (University of Michigan), Blair C. Conn (Mount Stromlo Observatory and IAG Ltd), Thomas J. L. de Boer (University of Hawai‘i), Robert A. Gruendl (National Center for Supercomputing Applications and University of Illinois), Matteo Monelli (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Universidad de La Laguna), Ricardo R. Muñoz (University of Illinois), Abhijit Saha (NSF’s NOIRLab), A. Katherina Vivas (NSF’s NOIRLab/CTIO), Edouard Bernard (CNRS), Gurtina Besla (University of Arizona), Julio A. Carballo-Bello (Tarapacá University), Antonio Dorta (Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Universidad de La Laguna), David Martinez-Delgado (Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), Alex Goater (University of Surrey), Vadim Rusakov (Cosmic Dawn Center and University of Copenhagen), and Guy S. Stringfellow (University of Colorado).

NSF’s NOIRLab (National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory), the US center for ground-based optical-infrared astronomy, operates the international Gemini Observatory (a facility of NSF, NRC–Canada, ANID–Chile, MCTIC–Brazil, MINCyT–Argentina, and KASI–Republic of Korea), Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), the Community Science and Data Center (CSDC), and Vera C. Rubin Observatory (in cooperation with DOE’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory). It is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with NSF and is headquartered in Tucson, Arizona. The astronomical community is honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak) in Arizona, on Maunakea in Hawaiʻi, and on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón in Chile. We recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that these sites have to the Tohono O'odham Nation, to the Native Hawaiian community, and to the local communities in Chile, respectively.

Contacts

David Nidever
Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Montana State University
Bozeman, MT 59717
Cell: +1 434-249-6845
Email: david.nidever@montana.edu

Knut Olsen
NSF’s NOIRLab
Cell: +1 520-664-4465
Email: amanda.kocz@noirlab.edu

Amanda Kocz
Press and Internal Communications Officer
NSF’s NOIRLab
Cell: +1 520 318 8591
Email: amanda.kocz@noirlab.edu